compre sample questions

PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW WITH COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Summative Exam 2
Instruction: Write the letter corresponding to the best answer on the answer sheet provided. USE ONLY CAPITAL LETTERS and NO ERASURES ON THE ANSWER SHEET

1. Bentonite magma is primarily used as :
A. analgesic B. antacid C. stimulant D. suspending agent
2. Parabens are used in syrups as:
A. preservative B. buffer C. thickener D. sweetener
3. Characteristics of an ideal ointment:
A. all of these answers
B. stable, compatible with common medicaments and easily compounded
C. non-greasy and non-dehydrating
D. non irritating and water removable
4. A 30 mL aliquot was obtained from a mixture of 73% unknown solution. If the sample is diluted to 50mL, what is its final concentration?
A. 43.8% B. 39.4% C. 36.5% D. 20.5%
5. Calculate the number of kilograms of a 20% w/w solution which can be made from a kilogram of solute:
A. 5.0 B. 5000 C. 0.5 D. 50.0
6. Alcohol contained in rubbing alcohol that are properly sold in the market:
A. butyl B. ethyl C. propyl D. isopropyl
7. The only source of Sodium Chloride is in the form of tablets, each containing 3.0g. How many tablets should be used in preparing 3000 liters of a solution of such strength that 20 mL diluted to 100 mL with water will yield a 0.9% w/v solution? (Bonus: Answer – 45000)
A. 60,000 tabs B. 27,000 tabs C. 12,000 tabs D. 9,000 tabs
8. One of the following is not a case of adulterated drugs
A. labels are smeared and dirty
B. substandard material have been added
C. potency of drug is below label claim
D. other active components are added but not stated in the label
9. Tablet is the preferred dosage form because of
A. economy C. stability
B. precision of dosage D. all of these
10. Ringer’s Injection USP contains
1. Sodium chloride 2. Sodium lactate
3. Calcium chloride 4. Potassium chloride
A. 1 and 2
B. 1,2 and 3
C. 1,3 and 4
D. 3 and 4
11. Government office where you obtain a business permit to open a D/S, drug department as a sole proprietor
A. PRC C. BFAD
B. Bureau of Domestic Trade D. SEC
12. One of the following is not used as a flavoring syrup
A. raspberry C. cherry
B. senna D. cocoa
13. Sterilization technique in which the mechanism of action is based on the destruction of reproductive capabilities of the microorganism through lethal mutation
A. gas sterilization C. sterilization by ionizing radiation
B. lyophilization D. sterilization by filtration
14. Uniformity of blending during manufacturing to ensure equal distribution of the actives within a certain period of time is ascertained by
A. calibration C. validation of mixing time
B. weight variation test D. determination of moisture content
15. Manner of approval in which import certificate shall be signed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue
A. facsimile C. countersigned
B. stamp D. his real original signature
16. In the case of drug recall, the responsibility for the quality of drugs in original sealed containers rests with
A. drug distributors C. drug manufacturers
B. delivery men D. Pharmacist in charge
17. Weak electrolytes are:
A. none of these C. unionized
B. completely ionized D. slightly ionized

18. The abuse of this drug is responsible for major medical and socio economic problems
A. chloral hydrate C. a and d
B. nitrous oxide D. ethanol
19. Poisoning due to anticholinesterase is best managed by the administration of
A. theophylline C. salbutamol
B. atropine D. Nifedipine
20. A selective B1 blocker
A. salbutamol C. metoprolol
B. imipramine D. ethanol
21. Conjunctival and bronchial irritation are the primary symptoms of exposure to
A. ergot C. ethylene
B. sulfur dioxide D. mercury
22. It is a cofactor in enzymatic reaction involved in phosphorylation, cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis
A. mercury C. manganese
B. molybdenum D. nickel
23. It is used in silvering of mirror and it causes metal-like gum
A. cesium C. boron
B. cadmium D. bismuth
24. One of these drugs is a narcotic analgesic
A. meperidine C. paracetamol
B. mefenamic acid D. indomethacin
25. Deferoxamine is an antidote for
A. iron C. calcium
B. methanol D. iodine
26. These are simple asphyxiants which are gases EXCEPT
A. ethyl alcohol C. nitrogen
B. methane D. none of these
27. The permeable factor involved in inflammatory condition is
A. substance P C. receptor
B. enzyme D. endorphin
28. Adverse effects of nitrates is/are
A. dizziness C. headache
B. all of these D. hypertension
29. This does not belong to the parasympathetic nervous system
A. muscarinic receptors C. nicotinic receptors
B. none of these D. alpha receptors
30. This term denotes the usual amount of exposure to a given agent that is deemed safe for a stated period of time
A. bioaccumulation C. none of these
B. risk D. threshold limit value
31. The anti-inflammatory effect of acetylsalicylic acid is due to
A. increased membrane permeability of the inflamed tissue
B. inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins
C. an antigen-antibody reaction
D. stimulation of endogenous hydrocortisone production
32. This metal is used in the manufacture of permanent magnets, it enhance foaming qualities of beer
A. cobalt C. magnesium
B. iron D. lead
33. Phenylbutazone is
A. an active metabolite of oxyphenbutazone
B. metabolized to oxyphenbutazone
C. an inactive metabolite oxyphenbutazone
D. excreted unchanged in the urine
34. A type of poison that causes blackening and severe corrosion in the mouth
A. nitric acid C. phenol
B. sulfuric acid D. HCl
35. Escherichia, Klebsiella and Proteus are frequently normal flora of the
A. gastrointestinal tract C. superficial skin surface
B. urinary tract D. respiratory tract
36. It can destroy both vegetative and spore bearing organism
A. incinerator C. autoclave
B. oven D. inspissator
37. The index of refraction of a volatile oil is determined by using
A. spectrophotometer C. refractometer
B. pycnometer D. polarimeter
38. Drug substances that are withheld from distribution until batch certifications from BFAD is actually received
A. antineoplastics C. antibiotics
B. all of these D. vitamins
39. The residue after incineration of a crude drug sample was 0.1152 g and the residue after treatment of the ash with diluted HCl was 0.0651g. The % of silica obtained from 7.8525 g sample is
A. 1.467% C. 0.638%
B. 0.829% D. 2.30%
40. An example of a primary packaging component is
A. bottle C. packer case
B. label D. insert
41. Which of the following gram negative rods is the leading cause of urinary tract infection in otherwise healthy individuals
A. Proteus mirabilis C. Escherichia coli
B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa D. Klebsiella pneumonia
42. What is preferred for standardization of permanganate
A. sodium oxalate C. hydrogen peroxide
B. sodium carbonate D. sodium nitrate
43. Instability will be accelerated by
A. all of these C. heat
B. temperature D. light
44. The most common manifestation of infection in the hospitalized patient
A. fever C. chills
B. cough D. myalgia
45. Plastic containers for ophthalmic or parenteral preparations are sterilized by
A. autoclaving C. ethylene blue
B. soaking in formalin D. microwave
46. Assay of NaCl in table salt by precipitation as AgCl, filtration drying and weighing the residue is classified as
A. precipitimetry C. gravimetric analysis
B. volhard method D. residual precipitimetry
47. Responsible for reducing the release of NE from sympathetic nerves: (bonus)
a. Beta 1 postsynaptic adrenergic receptor
b. Beta 2 postsynaptic adrenergic receptor
c. Alpha 1 postsynaptic adrenergic receptor
d. Alpha 2 postsynaptic adrenergic receptor
e. all
48. Produces competitive antagonism of catecholamine by blockade of alpha 1 receptors:
a. Phenoxybenzamine d. all
b. Phentolamine e. none
c. Ephedrine
49. This may occur when the electrical conduction pathways malfunction:
a. chest pain b. hypertension c. arrhythmias d. MI e. all
50. Placebo may be given:
a. as a control of specific evaluation of drugs
b. to benefit/please a patient not by any pharmacological actions but by psychological means
c. to patients with mild psychological disorders who attribute their symptoms to physical disease
d. all of these
e. none of these
51. A branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of doses:
a. Pharmacy b. Posology c. Toxicology d. Pharmacognosy
52. It refers to the fate of the drug during its sojourn through the body:
a. Pharmacokinetics b. Pharmacodynamics c. Pharmacogenetics d. Pharmacotherapeutics
53. Drugs administered by inhalation are absorbed in the:
a. small intestine b. nasal mucosa c. lungs d. stomach

54. Weak acids are reabsorbed into the bloodstream when:
a. the urinary pH is high c. the urinary pH is low
b. the urine is made alkaline d. all situations apply
55. All of the ff. are catecholamines, EXCEPT:
a. Acetylcholine b. Norepinephrine c. 5HT d. Dopamine

56. Which of the following is an inhibitory amino acid?
a. Glutamate b. Aspartate c. GABA d. none of these

57. The following situations give rise to excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), EXCEPT:
a. Na+ conductance c. depolarization of the membrane
b. opening of Ca++ion channel d. opening of Cl- ion channel

58. The response characterized by increasing magnitude with greater concentration of unbound drug at the receptor site:
a. “graded” b. quantal c. all-or-none d. margin of safety
59. It refers to the relative concentration required to produce a given magnitude of effect:
a. affinity b. efficacy c. potency d. none of these
60. Interaction of two drugs whose opposing actions in the body tend to cancel each other’s effect:
a. noncompetitive b. chemical c. physiological d. pharmacokinetic
61. The period from the drug administration to the first visible effect is:
a. onset of action c. ceiling effect
b. duration of action d. peak time
62. Parkinson’s disease is due to:
a. excessive cholinergic activity c. deficiency of dopamine level in the brain
b. damage to the basal ganglia d. all of these
63. When MAOi is taken with tyramine containing food it can result to serious consequences such as:
a. hypertensive crisis d. a and b only
b. cerebral stroke e. all
c. insomnia
64. Meclizine is used to prevent nausea and vomiting due to:
a. vertigo b. motion sickness c. either a or b d. neither a nor b
65. Antipsychotic agents reduce hallucinations and agitation by:
a. blocking the reuptake of NE and SE c. ether a or b
b. blocking the dopamine receptors d. neither a nor b
66. Antihistamines can be used clinically as:
a. antiemetic b. sedative c. anti-allergy d. all
67. A drug used to treat chronic alcoholism:
a. Diazepam b. Zolpidem c. Flumazenil d. Disulfiram
68. The following are pharmacological actions of benzodiazepines, EXCEPT:
a. reduction of anxiety b. sedation c. anti-emetics d. anticonvulsants
69. Alcohol can produce the following peripheral effects, EXCEPT:
a. diuresis c. loss of memory
b. dilation of the blood vessels in the skin d. stimulates secretions of gastric juices
70. All of the ff. statements about the extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotics are correct, EXEPT:
a. these are caused by the blockade of the dopamine receptors on the basal ganglia
b. can be counteracted by the administration of anticholinergic
c. if therapy is stopped, tardive dyskinesia occurs
d. haloperidol does not cause extrapyramidal effects
71. Pharmacological effects brought about by dopamine receptor blockade, EXCEPT:
a. stimulation of the vomiting center c. reduce schizophrenic symptoms
b. development of parkinsonian signs d. decrease stimulation of the CTZ
72. Which of the ff. statements is CORRECT about Loperamide?
a. it is used to control diarrhea d. it is an NSAID
b. it has analgesic property e. all
c. it enters the brain
73. Which of the ff. statements is NOT TRUE about paracetamol?
a. it lacks anti-inflammatory property
b. preferred drug to lower elevated body temperature
c. overdose can lead to hepatic injury
d. associated with Reye’s syndrome in children
74. A dissociative anesthetic agent:
a. Thiopental b. Innovar c. Ketamine d. Halothane e. Propofol
75. A drug useful in febrile seizure:
a. Diazepam b. Trimethadione c. Phenobarbital d. Valproic acid
76. A drug that reverses the effects of morphine and heroin by competitively blocking the opioid receptors:
a. methadone b. nalbuphine c. butorphanol d. naloxone
77. It refers to a change of one or more of the pharmacokinetic processes with increasing dose size:
a. disposition b. clinical pharmacokinetics c. dose dependency d. depot phase
78. The cleaning out of stomach by repeated infusion of water using rubber tube is called:
a. gastric lavage b. emesis c. anaphylaxis d. hydration
79. The process with the slowest rate constant in a system of simultaneous kinetic processes:
a. lag time b. rate limiting step c. bioequivalence d. accumulation
80. The measured preparation devised to make possible the administration of medications in prescribed or measured amounts:
a. dose size b. dosage form c. dosage regimen d. drug
81. The sum of all body regions in which the drug concentration is an instantaneous equilibrium with that in blood or plasma:
a. clearance b. accumulatio c. depot phase d. central compartment
82. Loss of drug from the central compartment due to transfer to another compartment:
a. apparent partition coefficient c. disposition
b. biliary recycling d. creatinine clearance
83. The extent of protein binding is determined in vitro by the ff. mechanisms, EXCEPT:
a. ultracentrifugation c. endocytosis
b. dialysis d. electrophoresis
84. A phase I biotransformation reaction, EXCEPT:
a. methylation b. sulfoxidation c. deamination d. hydrolysis
85. A phase II biotransformation, EXCEPT:
a. methylation b. reduction c. acetylation d. conjugation
86. Non-irritating to the larynx and produces bronchiolar dilation:
a. halothane b. nitrous oxide c. desflurane d. isoflurane
87. Commonly used spinal anesthetic that is 10 times more potent than procaine:
a. cocaine b. lidocaine c. tetracaine d. procaine
88. Which of the ff. effects is associated with benzodiazepines?
a. paradoxical excitement c. morphine
b. ataxia d. all of the above
89. Is a potent ultra short-acting non barbiturate hypnotic agent without analgesic properties:
a. diazepam b. etomidate c. morphine d. cocaine
90. It is an important autonomic nervous system center wherein it plays a role in the regulation of body temperature water balance, and metabolism:
a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. diencephalons d. broca’s area
91. It triggers the ovulation of an egg from the female ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to be converted to a corpus luteum:
a. thyrotropic hormone c. luteinizing hormone
b. prolactin d. follicle-stimulating hormone
92. The standard of comparison for potency of general anesthetic agent is:
a. minimum alveolar concentration c. partition coefficient
b. solubility d. maximum vapor concentration
93. Benzodiazepines are used therapeutically for all of the ff. indications, EXCEPT:
a. panic disorder b. schizophrenia c. status epilepticus d. insomnia
94. Compounds that combine with atmospheric moisture to produce highly acidic rain, snow, air or fog:
A) Carbon dioxide B) Sulfur dioxide C) Nitrogen oxide D) A and B E) B and C

95. It is an aging process in the life cycle of lake, pond or slow moving river and stream brought about by the
accumulation of nutrients needed to sustain aquatic plants and animals accompanied by an increase in the
number of organisms:
A) Acidification B) Alkalinification C) Nitrification D) Eutrophication E) None
96. A drug for treatment of alcoholism, which acts to diminish the pleasurable effects of alcohol:
A) Naltrexone B) Antabuse C) Tranquilizers D) All E) None
97. This is a period between conception through complete delivery of the product of conception:
A) Pregnancy B) Fertilization C) Implantation D) Cleavage E) None
98. A trace mineral necessary for heme synthesis, electron transport and wound healing:
A) Copper B) Manganese C) Chromium D) Zinc E) None
99. It describes the amounts of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins needed by normal healthy individual:
A) RDA B) REA C) RAD D) RAE E) None
100. A type of malnutrition associated with inadequate mastication, digestion, absorption, transport and excretion of
nutrients:
A) Primary malnutrition B) Secondary malnutrition C) Undernutrition D) Overnutrition E) None
101. Deficiency of thiamine leads to:
A) Beri-beri B) Pellagra C) Stomatitis D) A and B E) B and C

102. A short-term expression of alcohol toxicity:
A) Cirrhosis B) Alcoholism C) Hang-over D) A and B E) B and C


103. Vitamin B deficiency caused by alcoholism produces a neurological disorder called:
A) Steven Johnson’s Syndrome D) A and B
B) Down Syndrome E) None
C) Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

104. Regarding the nature of medicinally important viruses, which one of the following statements is least accurate?
A) Poliovirus is a non-enveloped virus with RNA as its genome.
B) Epstein-Barr virus is a non-enveloped virus with RNA as its genome.
C) Hepatitis B is an enveloped virus with RNA as its genome.
D) Influenza virus is an enveloped virus with RNA as its genome.

105. The following statements regarding the capsules of bacteria are correct, except:
A) Most bacterial capsules are polysaccharides and serve to protect the bacteria by inhibiting phagocytosis.
B) Bacterial capsules can vary antigenically, and as a result some bacteria have many serologic types.
C) Bacterial capsules can be purified and used in vaccines against certain bacteria, example the Pneumococcus.
D) Most gram-positive bacteria have capsules, whereas gram-negative bacteria rarely do.

106. The following statements regarding Coccidiodes immitis are correct, except:
A) It is a dimorphic fungus that grows as a mold in the soil and as spherules in the body.
B) Infection usually results from the inhalation of asexual spores (anthroconida), hence the primary site of infection is the lungs.
C) When cultured in the laboratory, the organism forms budding yeasts.
D) The most important host defense against this organism is cell-mediated immunity.

107. The following statements regarding bacterial exotoxins are correct, except:
A) They are integral parts of the cell wall.
B) They are produced by both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
C) They are polypeptides consisting of two functional regions, the one that binds to cell receptors and one that ha the toxic activity.
D) Treatment of some exotoxins with formaldehyde yields a toxoid, which is used as the immunogen in certain vaccines.
108. The following statements regarding the C3 component of the complement cascade are correct, except:
A) It is involved in both the classic and the alternative pathways.
B) Its C3a fragment can cause anaphylaxis by releasing histamines from mast cells.
C) Its C3b fragment binds to both IgG and surface receptors on neutrophils.
D) Its C3b fragment is part of the complex that causes lysis of gram-negative bacteria such as Neiserria.
109. Regarding the prevention of bacterial diseases by vaccines, which one of the following is least accurate?
A) Tetanus toxoid is produced by treating tetanus toxin with formalin, which inactivates its ability to cause disease
but leaves its antigenicity intact.
B) Diphtheria vaccine contains diphtheria toxoid and produces few side effects when given to children.
C) Both the pertussis vaccine and Haemophilus influenza vaccine contain inactivated whole bacteria and produce significant side effects in children.
D) The pneumococcal vaccine contains the capsular polysaccharide of many serotypes and is recommended primarily for older people.
110. This is a precipitation reaction test
A. titration of liberated nitric acid
B. direct titration with potassium permanganate
C. titration involving direct oxidation with ceric sulfate
D. dichlorophenol-indophenol titration
111. A method of assay for Vit. B12 and Calcium pantothenate is by
A. iodimetry C. microbial-turbidimetric method
B. redox D. fluorometry
112. A gram positive microorganism produces a stain that is
A. green C. colorless
B. purple D. red
113. While waiting for its release by quality control, materials are held in
A. receiving area C. finished goods warehouse
B. quarantine area D. packaging section
114. The sampling and examination of all raw materials received by the factory is a function of the
A. Documentation Section C. Materials Inspection
B. Biological Testing Laboratory D. Analytical Laboratory
115. The indicator for EDTA direct titration against CaCO3 is
A. methyl red C. methylene blue
B. hydroxynaphtol blue D. thymol blue
116. Which of the following structures involved in bacterial attachment to cell surfaces
A. flagella C. pili
B. mesosomes D. capsules
117. The X and Y factors required for growth of hemophilus influenza are contained in
A. chocolate agar C. brain heart infusion
B. thioglycolate broth D. shee blood agar
118. To measure optical activity of a sample, the instrument used is
A. flame photometer C. polarimeter
B. refractometer D. spectrometer
119. Clostridium perfringens causes
A. gas gangrene C. food poisoning
B. food infection D. flagellated organism
120. Safety or toxicity test for infusion plastic sets is conducted using
A. dogs C. white mice
B. food ingestion D. rabbits
121. The ricketsial infection is diagnosed by means of
A. lepromin C. complement fixation test
B. tuberculin test D. Weil-Felix test
122. Which of the following statements is not true about closures
A. should produce no leaks
B. should fit the tread of the container
C. should be reasonably elegant
D. should be made of plastic materials
123. Chemical analysis which determines the amount of percentage content in which the component of a substance is present is
A. quantitative C. qualitiative
B. proximate D. ultimate

124. The process of redistilling one or more times from fresh delicate drugs with small quantities of volatile principles
A. cohobation C. maceration
B. steam distillation D. reflux distillation
125. One of the following solvents is not used in the preparation of oral solutions, syrups and elixirs
A. ethylene glycol C. propylene glycol
B. alcohol USP D. purified water USP
126. Components of effervescent granules except
A. sodium carbonate C. tartaric acid
B. citric acid D. sodium bicarbonate
127. The term PSIG in reference to aerosol means
A. atmospheric pressure C. per square inch of glass
B. pounds per square inch gauge D. propellant safety in glass
128. Which of the following agents is/are available in a sublingual dosage form
A. isosorbide dinitrate C. hydrogenated ergot alkaloids (Hydergine)
B. all of these answers D.glycerin
129. The chief constituent of honey is
A. invert sugar C. levulose
B. sucrose D. pentose
130. One of the following is NOT a flavoring syrup
A. syrups rubi idea C. chloral hydrate syrup
B. chocolate syrup D. cherry syrup
131. Which of the following is NOT a method of splitting emulsions
A. centrifuging C. heat
B. filtering D. adding electrolytes
132. Often used as suppository base
A. wool fat C. lanolin
B. carbowax D. theobroma oil
133. If this method of mixing is not used, you cannot guarantee a uniform distribution of potent drugs
A. geometric dilution C. sifting
B. milling D. tumbling
134. The saline cathartics
1. act by increasing the osmotic load of the gastrointestinal tract
2. act by local irritation on the gastrointestinal tract
3. are salts of poorly absorbable
4. water soluble and are taken with large amounts of water
A. 1 and 3 C. 2,3 and 4
B. 1,3 and 4 D. 1 and 4
135. Iodine tinctures differs from iodine solution in that the tincture contains
A. acetone as vehicle C. alcohol as vehicle
B. water as solvent D. alcohol-acetone as solvent
136. One of the ff. is not used as colorant in pharmaceutical preparations
A. yellow mercuric oxide C. eyrthrocin
B. red ferric oxide D. caramel
137. Simple syrup is
A. highly unstable C. prone to microbial growth
B. none of these D. a supersaturated solution of sucrose in purified water
138. It is the uneven distribution of color in tablet surface
A. picking C. mottling
B. laminating D. capping
139. Glycogen suppositories are solidified by the use of
A. all of these C. glycerol triacetate
B. stearic acid D. sodium stearate
140. One of the following is not an emulsifying agent
A. cholesterol C. sodium sulfate
B. benzalkonium chloride D. sodium lauryl sulfate
141. A container which protects its contents from extraneous solids under normal conditions of handling and shipment is
A. tight container C. hermetic container
B. well-closed container D. well sealed container
142. Caps used to hold rubber closure in place for vials are made of
A. copper C. aluminum
B. tin coated metal D. tin
143. A liquid whose viscosity is increased when stress is applied is classified as which of the following materials
A. Newtonian C. thixotropic
B. dilatant D. plastic
144. If an acid is added to water, the solution will
A. change blue litmus to red
B. color phenolphthalein solution red
C. change red litmis to blue
D. exhibit an increase in pH
145. The characteristic ingredient in poultices
A. kaolin C. oil
B. water D. calcium carbonate
146. The Generics Act of 1988 is also known as
A. RA 3720 C. RA 6425
B. RA 5921 D. RA 6674
147. The colligative properties of a solution are related to the
A. ph C. number of ions
B. number of unionized molecules D. total no. of solute particles
148. Any distinctive combination of letters or numbers or both by which the complete history of the manufacture, control, packing and distribution of a batch or lot of a drug is determined
A. batch C. batch number
B. lot number D. kot
149. Complete wetting of a surface occurs when the contact angle between a liquid droplet and the surface is
A. 180 degrees C. 0 degrees
B. 160 degrees D. 00 degrees
150. One of the following is not used as a measure of the purity and identity of drugs
A. HLB C. melting point
B. solubility D. boiling point

compre sample questions

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION sample questions
Summative Exam 1

Instruction: Write the letter corresponding to the best answer on the answer sheet provided. USE ONLY CAPITAL LETTERS and NO ERASURES ON THE ANSWER SHEET
1 Stereoisomers that are not mirror-images of each other are called
a. Structural isomers
b. Enantionmers
c. Anomers
d. Diastereomers
e. Cis-Trans isomers
2 Based on the resonance theory, what is the direction of electron movement in a compound with the following structure: CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2NH3+:
a. towards C1
b. towards C2
c. towards C3
d. towards C4
e. towards C5
3 A given compound has the molecular formula C6H6. The compound is most likely
a. 1,3-Cyclohexadiene
b. 1-Cyclohexene
c. 1,3,5-Hexatriene
d. 1,3,5-Hexatriyne
e. Benzene
4 Which of the following compounds is most susceptible to Addition reactions?
a. Phenol
b. 2-methylbutane
c. Ethene
d. Monobromoethane
e. Ethanol
5 A carbon with four different moieties attached to it is generally called
a. Anomeric carbon
b. Carbonyl carbon
c. Chiral center
d. Carboxyl carbon
e. Epimeric carbon
6 The compound with the formula, CH3CH2COCH2CH3 is a/an
a. Ketone
b. Aldehyde
c. Alcohol
d. Ether
e. Ester

7 What is the correct chemical formula for Ethoxypropane
a. CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH3
b. CH3CH2COOCH2CH3
c. CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
d. CH3CH2CH2COCH3
e. CH3OCH2CH2CH2CH3

8 Give the IUPAC name of the given chemical: CH3CH=CHCH2OH
a. 2-propen-1-ol
b. 2-buten-1-ol
c. 2-penten-2-ol
d. 1-but-2-enol
e. 5-propenol

9 What type of hybrid orbitals exists between carbons 3 and 4 in the chemical CH3CH=CHCH2OH
a. sp3-sp3
b. px-px
c. sp2-sp3
d. sp-sp2
e. sp-sp3

10. At therapeutic doses, what is the mechanism involved in the CNS stimulating activity of the Methylxanthines
a. Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase enzyme
b. Stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase enzyme
c. Stimulation of the Phosphodiesterase enzyme
d. Inhibition of the adenosine-1 receptors
e. Stimulation of the adenosine-1 receptors

11.Chlorpheniramine and Brompheniramine are used in OTC cold preparations for their
A. microsomal enzyme inducing effects
C. histamine blocking action
B. sympathomimetic effects
D. anticholinergic effects
12.The conversion of glutamic acid to keto acid is called
A. transamination
C. deamination
B. decarboxylation
D. hydroxylation
13.Histamine 1 receptor antagonists are most useful in treating
A. anaphylaxis
C. asthma
B. localized allergic effect
D. gastric hyperacidity
14.Forces of attraction between non polar region of molecules and biological receptor
A. hydrophobic bonds
C. Van der Waals forces
B. covalent bonds
D. hydrogen bonds
15.The term given to the functional group of an organic molecule that absorbs maximum radiation in UV or IR region is
A. carbonyl
C. chromophore
B. nitrile
D. moiety
16 Barbiturates are used as
A. antacids
C. antiseptics
B. stimulants
D. sedatives
17 The antimicrobial potency of a halogenated phenol is determined by the specific halogen and its position in the molecule. One of the most effective halogenated phenol has:
A. chlorine in the para position D. bromine in the ortho position
B. one of these E. chlorine in the meta position
C. bromine in the para position
18.The following medicinal agents are classified as natural products EXCEPT:
A. penicillin D. atropine
B. erythromycin E. morphine
C. sulfadiazine
19. Naloxone and nalorphine are similar in that they both fall into therapeutic category known as:
A. opioid antagonist D. diuretics
B. serotonin agonist E. hyperlipidemics
C. serotonin reuptake inhibitors
20 Most anticholinergic drugs act by:
A. blocking cholinergic receptors D. destroying acetylcholine
B. activating the sympathetic receptors E. none of these
C. complexing with the active sites of acetylcholine molecule
21 The IUPAC name for isopropyl alcohol which is a common constituent of “rubbing alcohol” is:
A. 1 propanol D. 2 propanol
B. 1 methyl alcohol E. propyl alcohol
C. 1 propanal
22 Functional groups on organic molecules determine
I. Pharmacologic activities
II. Chemical properties
III. Radioactivity
A. I only C. III only E. I, II, and III
B. I and II D. II and III
23 “A group of iron containing isoenzymes that activate molecular oxygen to a form capable of interacting with organic substances.” The component of microsomal mixed function oxidase system which this description is most closely associated is
A. NADPH C. Cytochrome
B. ATP D. Cytochrome P-450
24 To have useful antibacterial activity, a sulfonamide molecule must process or be capable of conversion in the body into which of the following
A. a chloride group
B. a nonsubstituted aromatic amino group
C. an alkoxy group
D. a free sulfonic acid group
E. an alkylated aromatic amino group
25 If an anesthetic agent is highly soluble in both blood and tissue, then it can be predicted that the anesthetic will produce
A. slow recovery C. rapid recovery
B. slow induction D. rapid induction
26 The chemical name for Penicillin G is
A. alpha amino-benzyl penicillin C. benzyl penicillin
B. carboxybenzyl penicillin D. phenoxymethyl penicillin
27 CH3CH2CH2X  CH3CH=CH2+HCl is an example of _____ reaction
A. rearrangement C. condensation
B. elimination D. substitution
28 How many grams of potassium citrate is needed to prepare 1 liter of 10% solution
A. 1,000 g B. 50 g C. 100 g D. 10g
29 1 qt. is equivalent to ___ml
A. 175 ml B. 1410 ml C. 236.5 ml D. 946 ml
30 A prescription calls for 6 units of a drug to be taken 3x a day. How much will the patient have taken after 7 days?
A. 126 units B. 0.12 units C. all of these D. 12.6 units
31 Give ampicillin powder 250 mg IV every 6 hours. Stock is 500 mg dissolved in 2ml. How many ml provides 250mg?
A. 5ml B. 1ml C. 3 ml D. 2 ml
32 300 mg is equivalent to______ grains
A. 4.3 gr. B. 4.9 gr. C. 4.6 gr. D. 5.0 gr.
33 How many grams of a drug are required to make 120 ml of a 25% solution?
A. 30 g B. 10 g C. 12.0 g D. 12 g
34 How many milligrams of Sodium Fluoride will provide 500ug of Flouride ion? Atomic weight: Na=23, F=19
A. 11mg B. 2.1 mg C. 10.00 mg D. 1.105 mg
35 The doctor orders 1:8000 KMnO4 compresses to the right lower leg 20 mins. qid. You will prepare a 1 quart solution from available KMnO4 crystals 1gr packets by
A. dissolving 2 packets in 1000 mL sterile water
B. dissolving 2 packets in 2000mL sterile water
C. dissolving 1 packet in 100mL sterile water
D. dissolving 1 packet in 500 mL sterile water
36 Determine whether a dose of 1gr. q. 4h is appropriate for 1 year old baby whose surface area is 0.4m2 if the given adult dose ranges from 5 to 10 gr. q. 4h.
A. the dose should be 2/5 gr.
B. the dose is appropriate C. the dose should be 4/5 gr.
D. the dose should be 0.5 gr.
37 Prepare 30% alcohol cooling sponge using an entire 1pint of 70% isopropyl rubbing alcohol
A. add 500mL distilled water to 1pt. of 70% alcohol
B. add 656.6mL distilled water to 1pt of 70% alcohol
C. add 333.3mL distilled water to 1 pt. of 70% alcohol
D. add 200mL distilled water to 1 pt. of 70% alcohol
38 Change to percent the number 1/300
A. 3% B. 33% C. 3.3% D. 1/3%
39 Apply Young’s rule to determine the minimum dose of 6 year old child weighing 25kg, if the usual Morphine Sulfate adult dose is 8 to 20 mg prn for pain.
A. give 2.6 mg B. give 6.6 mg C. none of these D. give 5mg
40 A physician orders Meprobamate 0.2 g. How much is to be administered if the dose on hand is 400mg in each tablet:
A. do not dispense
B. give 2 tablets C. give 1 tablet
D. give ½ tablet
41 How is Pentobarbital Sodium 50 and 100mg capsules administered, when the doctor orders Nembutal iss gr. po hs prn.
A. give 1 Nembutal 100mg capsule orally every bedtime
B. give 1 Nembutal 50mg capsule orally at bedtime as required
C. give 1 Nembutal 100mg capsule orally at hour of sleep when required
D. give 1 Nembutal 50 mg and 1 Nembutal 100mg capsules at bedtime as required
42 Change 1/10% to a common fraction
A. 1/100 B. 1/10 C. 1/1000 D. 1/0.01
43 What is the dose for an 8 month old infant if the average adult dose of a drug is 250mg. Use Fried’s rule
A. 133 mg C. 13.33 mg
B. 0.13 mg D. 1.33 mg
44 A 250 ml infusion bottle contains 5.86 g of potassium chloride. How many milliequivalents of potassium chloride are present? MW of KCl is 74.6
A. 12.7 C. 78.5
B. 150 D. 20
45 How many mEq of magnesium sulfate (MW 120) are represented in a 5 ml dose of 5% w/v magnesium sulfate solution
A. 4.2 C. 2.1
B. 2.5 D. 3.0
46 An IV solution contains 0.2% succinylcholine chloride in sodium chloride injection. At what flow rate should a 500 ml infusion be administered to provide 2.5 mg of the drug per minute
A. 1.20 ml/min C. 1.35 ml/min
B. 1.15 ml/min D. 1.25 ml/min
47 A physician orders a 2g vial cephalothin sodium to be added to 500 ml of D5W. If the administration rate is 125 ml/hour, how many milligrams of cephalothin sodium will a patient receive per minute
A. 7.5 C.9.2
B. 8.3 D. 2.3
48 How many ml of a syrup having a specific gravity of 1.350 should be mixed with 3000 ml of a syrup having a specific gravity of 1.250 to obtain a product having a specific gravity of 1.310
A. 3500 ml C. 4600 ml
B. 4500 ml D. 5500 ml
49 If 800g of a 5% coal tar ointment is mixed with 1200 g of a 10% coal tar ointment, what is the concentration of coal tar in the finished product
A. 8.5% C. 8%
B. 9.5% D. 9%
50 An elixir is to contain 250 mg of an alkaloid in each tsp. dose. How many gm of the alkaloid will be required to prepare 5 liters of the elixirs
A. 0.25 g C. 250 g
B. 25 g D. 2.5 g
51 A prescription calls for 300,000 units of Penicillin G Potassium to be added to 500 ml of D5W. The directions on the 1,000,000 unit package state that if 1.6 ml of solvent are added the reconstituted solution will measure 2 ml. How many ml of the reconstituted solution must be withdrawn and added to the D5W
A. 0.6 ml C. 0.7 ml
B. 0.2 ml D. 0.4 ml
52 Proof spirit is an aqueous solution containing ____ proof of absolute alcohol
A. 40% C. 100%
B. 50% D. 70%
53 Twelve (12) bottles of 100-tablet multivitamins cost Php 3,000 when bought on a promotional deal. If the tablets sell for Php 450 per bottle, what percent of gross profit is realized on the selling price
A. 45% C. 35.44%
B. 40.44% D. 44.44%
54 Monosaccharides most rapidly absorbed from the small intestines is
A. galactose C. mannose
B. glucose D. fructose
55 Fixed oil obtained from cocus nucifera
A. corn oil C. persic oil
B. coconut oil D. castor oil
56 The main center of the biosynthesis of nucleic acid
A. cytoplasm C. golgi apparatus
B. nucleus D. lysosome
57 The most powerful glycoside from digitalis
A. digitalin C. lanatoside
B. digitonin D. digitoxin
58 The purity of a drug depends upon the ____ of foreign matters
A. quantity C. abundance
B. absence D. presence
59 Methyl morphine is also known as
A. morphine C. codeine
B. papaverine D. heroin
60 Energy supplied by one gram of carbohydrate is about ___kcal
A. four C. ten
B. six D. two
61 Protein digestion starts in the
A. intestines C. pancreas
B. stomach D. mouth
62 Dried and purified latex of the fruit of Carica papaya
A. bromelain C. pepsin
B. papain D. pectin
63 Proteins are precipitated by the following except
A. alcohol C. water
B. salts and heavy metals D. inorganic salts
64 Coloring pigment
A. heparin C. cytochrome
B. keratin D. melanin
65 Following are carbohydrate enzyme EXCEPT
A. sucrase C. maltase
B. lactase D. lipase
66 Most alkaloids are insoluble in
A. alcohol C. water
B. ether D. oil
67 Biochemical function of hemoglobin
A. regulatory C. oxygen transport
B. defense D. structural
68 Percentage of alcohol used as a local anti-infective
A. 75% C. 50%
B. 70% D. 40%
69 Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins
A. ptyalin C. amylopsin
B. trypsin D. steapsin
70 All of the following are ways of classifying drugs EXCEPT
A. morphology C. taxonomy
B. therapeutic class D. price
71 The non-sugar component of the glycoside
A. ketone C. genin
B. glycone D. genic
72 Carotene prevents
A. scurvy C. xerolphthalmia
B. skin diseases D. scabies
73 Volatile oil from the fresh peel of C. limon fruit
A. garlic oil C. lemon oil
B. clove oil D. peppermint oil
74 Organic acid found in fruits of Averboa balimbi which is used as bleaching agent
A. citric C. tartaric
B. malonic D. oxalic
75 An antihypertensive alkaloid
A. amygdalin C. papaverine
B. quinidine D. reserpine
76 Tannin rich plants used in medicine as astringent
A. chestnut C. apple
B. krameria D. acacia
77 The syrup form is used in the treatment of drug overdose and in certain poisoning
A. belladonna C. cinchona
B. opium D. ipecac
78 Referred to as Indian tobacco
A. belladonna C. nicotine
B. lobelia D. areca
79 Phenol obtained from thyme oil
A. carvacrol C.glycol
B. thymol D.eugenol
80 Vit B12
A. riboflavin C. thiamine
B. cyanocobalamin D. pyridoxine
81 The __ of Rauwolfia serpentine is used as antihypertensive
A. root C. leaf
B. flower D. seed
82 Following are hexose sugars, EXCEPT
A. mannose C. ribose
B. maltose D. lactose
83 The monosaccharide that is a ketohexose is
A. fructose C. dextrose
B. glucose D. lactose
84 Oxidation of fatty acids involve
A. yeast C. ADP
B. AMP D. Co-enzyme A
85 Hydrolysis of carbohydrates into simple alcohols and ketones by microorganisms
A. fermentation C. oxidation
B. acid hydrolysis D. mutation
86 Commonly referred to as marijuana or “pot”
A. Cannabis sativa C. Allium sativum
B. Piper methysticum D. Pinus palustris
87 Derived from ergosterol
A. Vit. D3 C. Ergocalciferol
B. Cholecalciferol D. Ergot
88 Proteins that provide the body with means for combating infections and poison
A. serum albumin C. antibody proteins
B. lysine D. cytochrome
89 This substance accumulates in the muscles as a result of vigorous exercise
A. glucose C. muscle glycogen
B. amino acids D. lactic acid
90 A semisynthetic sugar prepared by alkaline rearrangement of lactose
A. lactulose C. levulose
B. xylulose D. ribolose
91 The reserve carbohydrate of plants is
A. cellulose C. dextran
B. dextrine D. starch
92 The most common naturally occurring sugar obtained by hydrolysis of starch
A. fructose C. glucose
B. lactose D. dextrose
93 All of the following are reduction test for sugars EXCEPT
A. Fehling’s C. Barfoed’s
B. Acrolein D. Benedict’s
94 Insulin is a/an ___ used as antidiabetic drug
A. neurotransmitter C. enzyme
B. hormone D. lipid
95 The polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plants
A. inulin C. levulose
B. starch D. cellulose
96 The chief end product of purine metabolism in man
A. CO C. Urea
B. Ammonia D. Uric acid
97 Choline is a constituent of:
A. lecithin B. methionine C. lard D. cholesterol
98 Which of the following is NOT actually structurally related to cholesterol:
A. Vitamin D C. adrenal cortical hormones
B. sex hormones D. Vit. A
99 The term :anaerobic phase” of glucose oxidation is used to designated series of reactions known as:
A. glycolysis B. glycogenesis C. all D. glycogenolysis
100 The sugar that produces only glucose when hydrolyzed is:
A. sucrose B. maltose C. lactose D. fructose
101 Compounds which differ in configuration only about or around one of the asymmetric C atoms are:
A. tautomers B. epimers C. enantiomorphs D. anomers
102 Which of the following is a water-soluble anti-oxidant:
A. lecithin B. ascorbyl palmitate C. alpha-tocopherol D. sodium bisulfite
103 Saturated fatty acids include:
A. all of them B. palmitic acid C. stearic acid D. caproic acid
104 Compounds possessing potentially free or free aldehydes or ketone group and two or more hydroxyl groups are called:
A. simple sugars C. carbohydrates
B. disaccharides D. none of them
105 Class of natural products with potent and diversed biological activities involved in platelet aggregation, pain and inflammation:
a. enzyme c. prostaglandins
b. hormones d. tubocurarine
106 Gotu Kola obtained from the leaves and stems of Centella asiatica used as diuretic, blood purifier, treat leprosy, body strengthener and revitalizer is locally known as:
a. takip-kuhol c. lagundi
b. sulasi d. mahogany
107 The first immunoglobulin to appear when a newly born infant begins its own antibody production:
a. IgD c. IgM
b. IgA d. IgE
108 The general test for carbohydrate based on the dehydration of sugar to furfural derivatives when the sugar is treated with concentrated, sulfuric acid producing a violet ring between two layers:
a. Fehling's test c. Benedict test
b. Hainse's test d. Molisch
109 An alkaloid which does not react with or precipitate with alkaloidal reagent is:
a. caffeine c. hyoscyamine
b. quinine d. emitine

110 Rheumatic fever is a disease which:
A. Can result from a transient bacteremia by viridans Streptococci
B. Is preceded by a group A streptococcal infection of the heart
C. Develops as a sequela to group A streptococcal infections
D. Affects the glomeruli of the kidney
111 A fungal disease which may be confused with tuberculosis because it produces pulmonary calcifications:
A. amebiasis D. Actinomycosis
B. Candidias E. Histoplasmosis
C. Blastomycosis
112 The presence of glossitis, pallor, macrocytic anemia, hyperplasia of the bone marrow, achlorhydria, atrophy of the gastric mucosa, and focal degenerative lesions of the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord in a person older than middle-age suggests the individual has had a deficiency of vitamin:
A. A B. B1 C. B6 D. B12 E. C
113 Gout is an example of a disturbance in the metabolism of:
A. Calcium B. Purines C. Cholesterol D. Carbohydrates
114 Arguments against indiscriminate use of antibiotics as chemotherapeutic agents include the following, except:
A. Toxic effects of the antibiotics
B. Allergic reactions induced in patients
C. Development of drug resistance by an infectious agent
D. Secondary effects experienced due to creation of an imbalance in the normal body flora
E. The cost of medication
115 Which of the following antibiotics is effective in treating candidiasis?
A. Nystatin B. Bacitracin C. Tetracycline D. Griseofulvin E. Penicillin
116 Which of the following statements is correct regarding a patient recovered from hepatitis type B infection?
A. The virus will be excreted in the feces
B. The patient is a good candidate for blood donation
C. The patient will have protective immunity to all viral hepatitis
D. Detection of hepatitis B antigen in serum is indicative of the carrier state
117 Tetracycline antibiotics may stain children’s teeth between the ages of:
A. one month in utero and three years C. Birth and ten years
B. Six months in utero and eight years D. One and years
118 The amount of red blood cell destruction per day is best measured by the:
A. Hematocrit
B. Amount of iron excreted
C. Change in the red blood cell count
D. Amount of hemoglobin/100 ML blood
E. Amount of bile pigments excreted by the liver
119 A history of medication with which of the following drugs requires special consideration prior to general anesthesia?
A. Estrogen B. Cortisone C. Meperidine D. Phenacetin E. Diphenhydramine
120 Differential white blood cell counts in the laboratory are useful in the diagnosis of:
A. Anemia D. Eosinophilia
B. Spherocytosis E. Thrombocytopenic purpura
C. Vitamin deficiency
121 The most effective agent for the treatment of respiratory depression due to overdose of barbiturates is:
A. Oxygen D. Metrazol
B. Caffeine E. Picrotoxin
C. Coramine
122 Administration of corticosteroids is contraindicated when there is a history of:
A. Psychosis D. Diabetes mellitus
B. Peptic ulcer E. Any of the above
C. tuberculosis
123 Which of the following barbiturates, in therapeutic doses, is the longest acting?
A. Amytal D. Phenobarbital
B. Nembutal E. Pentothal
C. Secobarbital
124 Which of the following may be a feature of acromegaly
A. Crowded teeth D. Micrognathia
B. Large tongue E. Echma
C. Hypoglycemia
125 A patient is wide-eyed, very nervous with an increased systolic pressure, increased pulse rate, fine skin and hair, and loss of body weight. He is probably suffering from:
A. Diabetes B. Hyperpituitarism C.Hyperparathyroidism D. Hypothyroidism E. Hyperthyroidism
126 When rendering first aid care to a severely injured person, priority should be given to:
A. Arresting hemorrhage
B. Recognition and treatment of shock
C. Recognition of associated head injuries
D. Establishing and maintaining a patent airway
127 A patient having a white blood count of 3,000 cells per cubic millimeter would be said to have:
A. Leukemia C. Leukopenia
B. Leukolysis D. Leukocytosis
128 What elements interfere with the activity of tetracycline?
A. Mg and Na C. Na and K
B. Mg and Ca D. Ca and B1
129 The characteristic lesion of herpes virus infections on the skin or mucous membrane is:
A. Necrosis D. Hyperkeratosis
B. Tumefaction E. Vesicle
C. Abscess
130 Which of the following has been determined to be the most cariogenic carbohydrate?
A. Starch D. Glycogen
B. Sucrose E. Dextranase
C. Glucose
131 Pernicious anemia is usually associated with:
A. Iron deficiency D. Microcytic anemia
B. Glossitis E. Gastric hyperacidity
C. Blue sclera
132 Administration of which of the following drugs would be contraindicated in patients with allergic bronchial asthma:
A. Atropine D. Propranolol
B. Methacholine E. Phentolamine
C. d-Tubocurarine
133 Which of the following antibiotics is most likely to cause depression of the bone marrow?
A. Streptomycin D. Penicillin G
B. Tetracycline E. Chloramphenicol
C. Amophotericin B
134 Which of the following drugs would be useful in treating the dermatologic manifestations of an allergic response?
A. Diazepam D. Atropine
B. Phenoxybenzamine E. Hexylresorcinol
C. Chlorpheniramine
135 Which of the following drug classes has been definitely established to be teratogenic in humans?
A. Salicylates D. Barbiturates
B. Antianginals E. Antineoplastic agents
C. Local anesthetics
136 Which of the following adverse effects is most commonly associated with administration of an intravenous barbiturate?
A. Hypotension D. Renal failure
B. Hepatic Necrosis E. Nausea and vomiting
C. Respiratory Depression
137 Which of the following classes of drugs undergoes the least change in the body?
A. Alcohols D. Barbiturates
B. Salicylates E. Volatile anesthetics
C. Local anesthetics
138 Aplastic anemia is a serious toxic effect, which particularly occurs after a course of treatment with which of the following antibiotics?
A. Penicillin D. Tetracycline
B. Lincomycin E. Chlortetracycline
C. Chloramphenicol
139 Which of the following types of drug responses is least predictable in occurrence?
A. Side effect D. Idiosyncrasy
B. Tachyphylaxis E. Therapeutic action
C. Overdosage toxicity
140 Which one of the following is not considered an epinephrine use?
A. Control of local hemorrhage D. Use in allergic disorders
B. Decongestant E. Reduction of migraine episode
C. Use in combination with local anesthetics
141 The organs most prominently affected by B-blockers are:
A. Cardiovascular and CNS D. Heart and Bronchi
B. Stomach and kidney E. Liver and skin
C. Stomach and kidney
142 The responses of which one of the following drugs should be monitored when it is used simultaneously with propranolol?
A. Digoxin C. Chlorothiazide
B. Quinidine D. Insulin
143 In the selection of a B-blocker, which of the following is not a dominating factor?
A. The patient’s disease state
B. The cost of medication
C. The desirable pharmacokinetic effect of the drug
D. The most recently marketed drug
E. The desirable pharmacologic effect
144 Hypertensive crisis in a patient with a history of CHF, which one of the following agents should be the drug of first choice?
A. Diazoxide C. Hydralazine
B. Nitroprusside D. Trimethaphen
145 A diuretic specifically useful to induce diuresis in cases of poisoning is:
A. Hydrochlorothiazide C. Chlorthalidone
B. Triamterene D. Mannitol
146 A diuretic which could be used in patients with hypersensitivity to sulfonamide is:
A. Hydrochlorothiazide C. Ethacrynic acid
B. Furosemide D. Spironolactone
147 Which of the following groups of drugs does not aggravate congestive heart failure?
A. Estrogen C. Beta-blocking agents
B. Cardiac glycosides D. Corticosteroids
148 Which one of the following may increase the insulin requirements?
A. Increased physical activity C. Pregnancy
B. Increased food intake D. Acute infections
149 Which one of the following agents can be used QID/OD?
A. Ibuprofen B. Indomethacin C. Tolmetin D. Piroxicam
150 Which one of the following is not associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
A. Fatigue D. Joint swelling and pain
B. Anorexia E. Bleeding
C. Morning stiffness

Pharmaceutics 1 guide questions for final exam

Pharmaceutics I ( guide questions for Final Exam)
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Set A: Identify the following:
1. The process of redistilling one or more times from fresh delicate drugs with small quantities of volatile principles.
2. The limit of volume of multiple-dose containers of parental is generally:
3. Hypodermic needle sizes are expressed by gauge numbers: the gauge numbers refers to:
4. In tablet compression, the large , poorly formed, compacted mass of powder is referred as:
5. The minimum force applied to test a satisfactorily hard tablet is:
6. Common lubricant for tablets:
7. Cocoa butter is used as base for manufacture of:
8. The all glass container for small volume parental:
9. The aseptic area in parental department is classified as:
10. Component of effervescent granules, except:
11. PSIG in aerosol means:
12. Impalpable refers to substance that is:
13. Colligative properties are useful in detecting:
14. Viscous preparations intended for warm external application to a body surface is:
15. Percolation maybe used to prepare:
16. An aqueous solution used to evacuate bowel is:
17. The vapor pressure of a solution is ________ by presence of solute:
18. Humectants for creams:
19. Method of preparing emulsions containing volatile oil is by:
20. Rule of thumb is the principle applied for testing:
21. Arrange the sizes of capsule from biggest to smallest:

Set B: Give the meaning of the following terms:
1. Demelanizers
2. Keratolytics
3. Pyroxillin
4. Phenol
5. HCl
6. Rose water oil
7. Lanolin
8. Lidding
9. Lotion
10. Colation

Set C: Give the meaning of the following Acronyms:
1. pH
2. RDA
3. SPF
4. PAP Smear
5. ADR
6. EFA
7. HRT
8. PDEA
9. DDB
10. LSD
Set D: Give the meaning of the following definition:

1. Juices
2. Gargles
3. Irrigation solution
4. Insufflations
5. Mucilages
6. Liniment
8. Douches
9. Otic solution
10. Inhalation
11. Dentrifices
12. Mouthwashes
13. Glycerins
14. Enemas
15. Aromatic water
16. Jellies
17.Aromatic water
18. Colloidions
19. Water
20.Extracts
21.Honeys


Set E. Give the meaning of the following Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

1. Troches/Lozenges/Pastilles
2. Pills
3. Syrups
4. Solution
5. Suspensions
6. Emulsions
7. Capsules
8. Elixirs
9. Tinctures
10. Tablets
11. Pastes
12. Lotions
13. Parental
14. Creams
15. Ointments

these are sample questions that will come out in the exam.
type of exam will vary form multiple choice ,,matching type....etc...

Good Luck!

grades from Pre-mid to Pre-final

PHARMACEUTICS 1 (LECTURE)210285- 5-6 PM, MWF
2ND SEMESTER, SCHOOL YEAR 2010-2011
SECOND YEAR LEVEL.- SECTION C
NAME PMG MTG PFG
1. ABUBAKAR , NUSAIBA ISMAEL
86 77 86
2. AIYUB, FITRI NISA AMIL
84 84 78
3. ALAMA, NURHAINA DAUL
85 86 84
4. AMAT, SITTI AISHA MOHAMMAD
88 87 86
5. ANUDDIN, RIZARA ABDULMONAP
77 88
6. ATARI, BARNIEZAR JAUHARI
80 72 72
7. BAGUIO, PRITZ AVON REYES
81 81 80
8. CUEVAS, NELIHA SALIALAM
85 74 77
9. DUMAYAG, MERZAIMA TIBLANI
80 81 79
10.ELHANO, FARHANA S.
88 88 83
11. GADJA, WENA YUSOP
83 75 82
12. GUTIERREZ, GENALYN ENOPIA
88 84 83
13. HAJIHIL, SHERNA HAJIBAIN
76 68 72
14. HALID, MERJAIFA HADJIRUL
80 71 74
15. HATIMIL, RADZIA S.
50 64 82
16. INDANAN, FATRA MAJID
80 73 77
17. ISMAEL, SAHARA FACULTAD
79 64 69
18. JAJURIE, SUHER TAHIR

19. LIM, ZYRA, MARIA FE
89 87 82
20. LORENO, SHELLO RASONABLE
84 74 79
21. MINONG, AIZA J.
79 75 75
22.MIRASOL, SHELLA MAY ABDULJALIL

85 80 82

23. MISOLANIA, JOBELLE IRISH E.

78 71 85
24. MUHARRAM, RAISA BALA
81 82 85
25. SAHIPA, MARSIMA YUSOP
84 86 85
26. SALAPUDDIN, REILY TARROZA
50 67 50
27. SALMAN, ABDULLAH MUKSAN
83 83 77
28.VALDEZ, RHASMIYA JUNAIDE
76 84 74
29. VALIENTE, EVERLYN A.
83 76 81
30. WINTERS, SHERYL FRANCISCO.
83 74 74
31. MAWADIL, SHARIFA
84 70 62

for inquiries... you may see me personally
Goodluck to all.

FINAL DEFENSE SCHEDULE 2011(BS PHARMACY)

Final Presentation Schedule 2010-2011
venue: IMC, Tetuan Campus, Zamboanga City
March 31, 2011(Thursday)
9:00 AM
INSTALLATION OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) CAMERA AND AIR CONDITIONING UNIT AT UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA
(ALCANTARA, BUISON, PIALA, POTENCIANO, SULAIMAN)
M.DAMIL(ADVISER), J. IGNACIO (STATISTICIAN), JD FRANCISCO & S. ANANA( PANEL MEMBERS)

10:00 AM
TRACER STUDY OF BS PHARMACY GRADUATES OF UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA SCHOOL YEAR 2007-2009
( AHAJAN, DAWAIM, HASHIM, ISMAEL, JAUJALI)
LP.BAZAN( ADVISER), JDFRANCISCO ( STATISTICIAN), BRILLANTES & E. DANDA( PANEL MEMBERS),

11:00 AM
EFFICACY OF PURE EXTRACT & PREPARED HERBAL BATH SOAP FROM Annona muricata Linn., FAMILY ANNONACEAE: UNRIPE GUYABANO FRUIT EXTRACT
(GUMBAHALI, HAJAN, JAAFAR, JUHAILI, SHALIH)
A. LABRADOR( ADVISER), A. DIYA( STATISTICIAN), M. DAGALEA & T. TOLENTINO (PANEL MEMBERS)

12:00PM
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF PREPARED TOPICAL OINTMENT FROM RIPE Mangifera indica Linn.FAMILY: Anacardiaceae:MANGO SEED KERNEL EXTRACT AGAINST Staphyloccoccus aureus & Escherichia coli
( HAMJA, SALABI, TAHA, USAB)
A. LABRADOR(ADVISER)

1:00 PM
BACTERICIDAL EFFECT OF PREPARED LIQUID SOAP FROM Euphorbia hirta Linn. TAWA-TAWA STEM EXTRACT AGAINST Staphyloccoccus aureus & Escherichia coli

( DAMAHAN, ENGUERRA, HUSSEIN, MOGOL, TORRECAMPO)
A,DAND2A( ADVISER), A. DIYA( STATISTICIAN), M. DAGALEA & A. LABRADOR( PANEL MEMBERS)

2:00 PM

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF BOARD EXAMINATION RATINGS AMONG UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA PHARMACY GRADUATES, SCHOOL YEAR 2008- 2009
(GARCIA, ISAD, MACUSI, MANAJIL, SARIPADA)
LP. BAZAN( ADVISER), JD FRANCISCO ( STATISTICIAN), BRILLANTES & E. DANDA( PANEL MEMBERS)

3:00PM
PROFESSIONALISM AMONG PHARMACIST IN ZAMBOANGA CITY
( ASONG, DEMECILLO, ENIONG, GAMBA, PREPOSE)
M. DAGALEA( ADVISER), J., IGNACIO ( STATISTICIAN). LP BAZAN & E. DANDA( PANEL MEMBERS)

APRIL 1, 2011( FRIDAY)

9:00 AM

UNRIPE KAMIAS AS AN ALTERNATIVE STAIN REMOVER TO COMMON HOUSEHOLD STAIN
(ALLAMA, HAMSA, MAS-OUD, PADJIRI, SAWBAN)
E. DANDA (ADVISER ), J. IGNACIO( STATISTICIAN), LP BAZAN & M. BRILLANTES( PANEL MEMBERS)

NOTE:
THE ABOVE SCHEDULE IS JUST A PARTIAL LIST OF SCHEDULE FOR THE FINAL DEFENSE, GROUPS NOT YET MENTIONED SCHEDULED TO FOLLOW.

ATTENTION RESEARCHERS:
1. PLEASE BE IN YOUR BUSINESS / CASUAL ATTIRE( NO MAONG PANTS AND STEP-INS ALLOWED)
2. BRING YOUR ID’S
3. LATE COMERS GROUND FOR REFUSAL TO PRESENT RESEARCH STUDY UNLESS REASON/S VALID.
4. SEE ME ONE HOUR BEFORE YOUR SCHEDULED TIME FOR PRESENTATION.
5. MEMBER/S OF THE GROUP ABSENT DURING PROPOSAL AUTOMATICALLY GETS/GET 50%.

RULES STRICTLY TO BE FOLLOWED.

FOR YOUR INFORMATION.

MRS. MOGOL
RTW 2 CHAIRMAN/SUBJECT ADVISER

biotechnology seminar at garden orchid hotel. Feb. 24,2011

Manufacturing lec/lab Pre-FINAL Exam Outline 2010-2011

OUTLINE:
1. 20 ITEMS MULTIPLE CHOICE:
EX. - PROCESS EMPLOYED BOTH TO COMMINUTE AND MIX POWDERS.
- THERAPEUTIC USE OF ZINC OXIDE PASTE
- KNOWN AS GREASELESS OINTMENT BASES
- CRITERIA & STANDARDS FOR RAW MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS.
- EXAMPLE OF A BASE THAT IS WASHABLE IN WATER AND ABSORBS WATER
2. IDENFICATION OF THE DIFFERENT TERMS..MOST OF THE QUESTIONS WERE TAKEN IN TRAINING
EX. -TYPES OF CONTAMINATION THAT CAN'T BE SEEN THRU THE NAKED EYE.
-SIZE OF DUST PARTICULATES
3. MODULE HANDOUT.MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE.
EX. - THE CONTAINER OF CHOICE FOR OINTMENTS IS GLASS.
GOODLUCK!

CLIN.TOXI. OUTLINE

TOPICS TO STUDY:
1. BOTANICAL ORIGIN, ALKALOID, THERAPEUTIC USE OF THE FOLLOWING :
EX: PILOCARPINE
PERIWINKLE
YOHIMBE
ERGOT
TEA
NOTE: THESE ARE JUST SOME OF THE COMMON NAMES OF ALKALOIDS GIVEN.
2. CLASSIFY THE ALKALOIDS ACCORDING TO ITS DERIVATIVES...THREE ALKALOIDS FOR EACH OF THE CLASSIFICATION.. EX. ISOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES.

3. MATCHING TYPE ON THE DIFFERENT ALKALOIDS WITH THEIR FATAL DOSE.
EX. VERONAL,PHYSOSTIGMINE, VERONAL, OPIUM, MORPHINE TO NAME A FEW...

4. MULTIPLE SELECTION ON THE DIFFERENT DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS.
GOODLUCK!

to pharmaceutic 1 students:
-study on the assignment i have given u on topics of liquids.
-the different terms in your handouts.
-the types of glasses and its corresponding constituent.
- type of exam: multiple choice, true or false, identification.
GOOD LUCK!

Clinical Toxi. Outline Pre-Mid Exam. 2010-11

Clinical Toxicology Outline
Pre-Mid Examination
2nd Semester 2010-2011


Test I: instruction will be given during exam.day
1. The choice of the professional poisoner:
2. a specialized field of toxicology that designates an area of professional, emphasis within the realm of medical science:
3. the major route by which toxic agents gain access to the body are through the following except:
4. a poison which increases suddenly in its intensity of action after slow or gradual addition of it is called:
5. evidences obtained from an examination of the tissues and organs of the dead.
6. evidences obtained after detection of suspected substance via analysis of samples of body fluids collected
7. evidences from events., facts but can not be considered as a strong evidence.
8. evidences obtained by administering the suspected substance to living animals.
9. a poison which has a prompt, marked disturbance of function or death within short period of time:
10. this type of patient related genetic defect may lead to toxicity:
11. a poisoning effect that possesses both local and remote effects
12. the evidences to be saved in non-fatal poisoning are the following: except:

13. when reporting cases of poisoning like eating in a public restaurant, the cases should be reported to the:
14.most accidental poisoning in children is caused by:
15.???


Test II:
1. toxicology has been derived from the greek word?
2. an organ thru which nearly all the poisons are eliminated is the ?
3. it was ???? who ist refuse to discuss about the nature of the poisons.
4. all?????have their properties to fix themselves to certain tissues of the body.
5. washing is often advisable even after free vomiting as some adhere to stomach walls.
6. there is no ?????distinctive chemical test for certain poisons.
7. symptoms of food poisoning are usually those of a ????? intestinal irritation.
8. poisons affect the ???& cause death by sudden shock and collapse.
9. gaseous poisons are not deposited but promptly removed by way of the ????
10.almost every poison has been known to produce ???? effect, but the only true convulsive poisons are the alkaloids of the ?????class.
Test III- Matching Type Manifestation shown as indicated by the poison: Letter/s only.
A. BLOOD CHANGES
1. dark red blood a. aniline
2. cherry red blood b. heparin/coumarin/ benzene
3. chocolate blood c. CO/ cyanide
4. blood coagulabilioty decreases d. nicotine
B. SKIN DISCOLORATION:
1. palebonds on fingernails a. boric acid
2. yellow b. Ag salts
3. Ash gray c. arsenic
4. brown black d.physostigmine
5. bleaching white e. Br
6. deep brown f. HNO3
7. blue g. H2SO4 acid
8. bluish gray h. phenol
9. boiled lobster appearance i. cyanotics
C. ODOR OF BREATH/ DISCOLORATION OF GUMS
1. black gum line a. acetone
2. stale tobacco b. nicotine
3. mouse urine c. cyanide
4. shoe polish d. nitrobenzene
5. fruity odor e. Hg
6. garlic odor f. Bi
7. blue gum line g. coniine
8. sweet penetrating odor h. ethanol
9. bitter almonds i. malathion
D. POISONS DETECTED FROM CHEMICAL TESTS
1. KI a. heavy metals
2. modified duquenois b. mercury
3. marquis c. aniline
4. bromine water d. halogens
5. AAS e. marijuana
6. brown ring f. opium
7. beilstein g. bismuth
8. nylander h. nitrates

E. VISUAL/ RESPIRATORY DISTURBANCES
1. irritation a. marijuana
2. blurred vision b. methyl alcohol
3. blood shot eyes c. anticholinergic
4. violent sneezing d. SO2
5. partial/ total blindness e. veratrine
F. OTHER CHANGES
1. luminous vomitus/alopecia a. salicylates
2. blue green vomitus b. anticholinergic
3. ground coffee vomitus c. arsenic
4. blister formation d. copper
5. bloody sputum e. H2SO4
6. tinnitus f. cadmium
7. lock jaw g. barium
8. loss of voice h. cantharidin
9. bleeding gums i. strychnine
10. xerostomia j. mercury
Goodluck!!!!Happy New Year!

Manufacturing lec/lab Pre-Mid Exam Outline

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Outline
Pre-mid Examination  2^nd sem. Year 2010-2011

Instruction will be given on the day of the exam.(either identification/multiple choice)

Test I:??

--------- 1. High resistant borosilicate glass is also referred to as:

______2. General purpose soda-lime glass

______3. treated soda lime glass with sulfur dioxide and is suitable for buffered

parenteral solutions, and has a pH of below 7, & is not reactive with glass

______4.  regular soda lime glass

5. suppositories are made by:

6. rule of thumb is the principle applied for testing:

7. anteroom, which separates the sterile areas from non-sterile areas;

8. CGMP means:

9. an equipment associated with the maintenance of dust –free areas; 

10. a common lubricant added to tablet granulations:

11. this statement is true of the FIFO policy:

            a. prevents contaminations and mix- ups

            b. assures that the oldest stock of material is used first

            c. contains information regarding the activity of the component.

            d. AOTA

12. diluent of choice for chewable tablets:

13. freeze-drying is also known as:

14. most biologicals are store at this temperature:

15. a class of raw materials, which are to be subjected to tests and assays by

      the  Quality Control Department, and are not yet to be used in the production of     

      pharmaceuticals:

16. refers to the addition of an active in an unstable pharmaceutical preparations, to   

      compensate for the loss during  manufacture:

17. the following are the effects of product recalls to a drug- manufacturing firm:

18. a special technique for poorly- soluble drugs, in which it is improved by the

      addition of a water- miscible solvent, in which the drug will have increased water

      solubility:

19.  a standard document, which give instructions to the production department to

       produce a pharmaceutical product for distribution/ sale in the market ;

20. examples of primary packaging components;

21. this raw material can be used as a tablet diluent, disintegrant and binder:

22. strip- sealed tablets are evaluated for:

23. a system for ensuring that products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards. It is designed to minimize the risks or errors involved in any pharmaceutical production, which cannot be eliminated through the final  testing of the product:

24. an instrument used to check the tightness of the cap/closure:

25. a tablet processing problem characterized by the separation of the tablet into several distinct layers;

26. uneven distribution of color in tablet coating is due to :

27. a batch or any portion of a batch of drug produced by a continuous process is:

28. sealing of ampule is done by:

29. classified as sterile product although not injected into the body:

30. fever producing substances arising from microbial contamination are:

          

Test II: Draw the Organiztional Chart of a typical Manufacturing firm.(10 pts.)

Test II:Sketch the chart representing different division. Sections of Manuf’g area(5pts)

Test III: draw the chart under the raw materials and differentiate the color being used. (10 pts.)

Test III: Give the three classification of bottle defects and give five (5) examples of each.(15 pts.

                                                GOODLUCK!!!!

                       

TOP THREE BEST THESIS AND TOP PRESENTER

Congratulations to the following:
TOP THREE Best Thesis Proposal Presented:
1. BACTERICIDAL EFFECTS OF PREPARED SOAP FROM EUPHORBIA HIRTA LINN: GATAS-GATAS EXTRACT AGAINST S. aureus AND E. coli………………………………………………………………………..88.67%
Researchers : DAMAHAN, ENGUERRA, HUSSEIN, MOGOL, TORRECAMPO
Adviser: Prof. Arlene Danda
Statistician: Engr. Diya
Panel members: Prof. M. Dagalea and Prof. A. Labrador
2. ASSESSMENT OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PHARMACY STUDENTS ON PHARMACY JURISPRUDENCE AMONG PHARMACIST…………………………………………………………………………………….88.33 %
Researchers: ASONG, GAMBA, DEMECILLO, ENIONG, PREPOSE
Adviser: Prof. M. Dagalea
Statistician: Prof. J. Ignacio
Panel Members: Prof. E. Danda, Prof. L. bazan
3.****** THE EFFICACY OF SAP FROM CARICA PAPAYA LINN. FAMILY CARICACEAE: PAPAYA IN REMOVING CALLUS…………………………………………………………………………………………87.33 %
Researchers: ABDULHAKIM, ABDULKAHIL, SAHIR, TAHA(VHANISADAR), TANI
Adviser: Prof. E. Danda,
Statistician: J. Ignacio
Panel members: Prof.LP. Bazan, Prof R. Tan.
*********PERCEPTION ON THE INSTALLATION OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) CAMERA AND CLASSROOM AIR CONDITIONING AMONG STUDENTS OF SCHOOL OF ALLIED MEDICINE…….87. 33%
Researchers: ALCANTARA, BUISON, PIALA, POTENCIANO, SULAIMAN
Adviser: Prof. M. Damil,
Statistician: Prof. J. Ignacio
Panel Members: Prof. S. Anana, Dr. J.Francisco
BEST PRESENTER IN PRE-ORAL:
1. THE EFFICACY OF SAP FROM CARICA PAPAYA LINN. FAMILY CARICACEAE: IN REMOVING CALLUS
Researchers: Abdulhakim, Abdulkahil, Sahir, Taha(Vhani), Tani
Again , Congrats to all the fifteen(15) groups who passed the Pre-oral Presentation. Goodluck in your undertakings.. Prepared by:
Prof. Mary Belen T. Mogol
Research Instructor/Thesis Chair

TIPS FOR PRE-ORAL AND FINAL DEFENSES

Tips for Pre-Oral and Final Defenses
1. Write a prayer that will best suit your intentions and purpose.
2. Make sure your research paper is well edited and printed.
3. Be ready to explain everything that appears in your research paper.
4. Get the meaning of unfamiliar and difficult words in your paper. Be sure you understand everything that you have included. Chances are, you will be made to explain important citations in your text.
5. Although you are not expected to memorize your book from cover-to cover, you are expected to know the many significant details about your study. Answers to specific details such as your problem at hand, your research design, research methodology, respondents, research instrument, sampling procedure, scoring of data, etc. should be within your fingertips.
6. Know your statistical computations and how they are interpreted. Your statistician will be able to assist you in this aspect.
7. Be cordial and respectful in answering the questions. Corteous language has always a place in intellectual exchanges.
8. The adviser and as well as the researchers may record the suggestions made by the panelists. A copy is given to you after your defense. Read the suggestions before you leave. Clarify suggestions which are somewhat ambiguous to you while the panelists are still intact. When they disperse you will have a hard time seeing them individually.
9. The time allowed for the revision of your manuscript based on the suggestions is usually two weeks at the most. Set your target for the revisions and do it in record time. Leaving your work to some other time is procrastination. When this sets in, you will not be able to finish your work as scheduled. Time is an important commodity which you should not waste.
10. You are advised to submit your revised and approved research proposal before undertaking data gathering.
11. Timeless and freshness of your data and findings are crucial factors. If you do not act on time, your research will be overtaken by events and everything will become obsolete without you even knowing it.

Assignment in P'chem. 1 lecture

1. Name the different elements that belong to groups:
a. I-A alkali metals
b. I-B Coinage metals
c. II-A Alkali Earth metals
d. II-B Volatile metals
2. Enumerate the different compounds under each element and give its therapeutic value or medicinal value.
3. give its synonyms and other important uses.
4. it should be handwritten and not back to back..
5. to submit on saturday. (Aug 28, 2010)

INORGANIC CHEM NOTES

Lrcture notes in P’Chem. Inorganic Chem
Compiled by: MBTM
Mid-term coverage

Compounds are made of two or more different kinds of atoms.
Examples: water, sugar, alcohol, common table salt, starch (typical compounds)
Classification of compounds:
1. Binary- a combination of two(2) elements at a definite proportion and composition.
Ex. Na, Cl, combined to form NaCl; or two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen to form water.
2. Ternary - a combination of three (3) elements at a definite composition and proportion.
Ex. One part of Na, one part of S and a four (4)parts of oxygen, combine to form sodium sulfate
3. Quarternary – a combination of four(4) elements at a definite composition and proportion.
Ex. Four (4) parts of K, 1 part of Fe, 6 parts of C, 6 parts of N, combine to form potassium ferrocyanide or two(2) parts of N, 8 parts of H, one part of S and 4 parts of oxygen combine to form ammonium sulfate compound.

Compounds maybe classified according to form:
1. Isomorphous- if different compounds crystallize in the same form such as potassium permanganate and potassium chlorate, they are said to be isomorphous and the phenomenon is isomorphism.
2. Polymorphous- compounds, forming 2 or more different types of crystals,
Example: C is said to a polymorphous and the phenomenon is polymorphism.
3. Metamorphous- the same compound but they can be changed into one form to another.
Example: chalk, when change to marble, having the same chemical formula as calcium carbonate
4. Isomeric- is a class of organic compounds in which compounds have the same molecular formula, but differs in physical and chemical properties. The phenomenon is called isomerism.
Example: ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether.
5. Polymer – a class of organic compounds in which two or more compounds have the same percentage of elements present in the compound. If the molecules of the compound is taken twice it is termed as monomer, if more than twice it is termed as polymer. The phenomenon is called polymerism.
Example:formaldehyde (HCHO) and paraformadelhyde (HCHO).
Compounds maybe classified in accordance to its behavior as acid,bases and salts.

Acids – is defined as a compound,which yields hydrogen ions in solution,taste sour,changes blue litmus paper to red, liberates hydrogen when acted upon by metals like Fe, ,Zn, and Al, conducts electric current.All acids contains in their molecules one or more hydrogen atoms replaceable by a metal.
a. acid anhydrides- are non-metallic oxides which form acids upon combination with water,as carbon dioxide,sulfur dioxide,etc…
b. oxyacids- acids which contain oxygen in their molecules

Nomenclature of acids:
All binary acids have a prefix of” hydro” and suffix of”ic”.
Ex.HCL as Hydrochloric acid; HBR as Hydrobromic acid.Oxyacids has a different way of nomenclature. It is baesde upon the case of ternary compounds. Ex. Sulfur in sulfuric acid.

Formation of Acids:
1.Volatile acids are prepared by treatment of salts with non-volatile acids, thus: 2NaCl plus sulfuric acids equals sodium sulfate plus 2HCL.
2. Interaction between H and other non-metallic element. 2 hydrogen plus 2 HCL.
3.Interaction between an acid anhydride with water. Phosphorus trioxide plus 2 water equals the phosphorous acid.
4.hydrlysis of salts:
a. sodium sulfate plus water equal sodium hydroxide plus sulfuric acid.

Classification of Acids:
Acid maybe classified in accordance to their strength as weak and strong acids. The weak acid generally are those which are of organic in nature. Ex. Hac, while the strong ones are those which are of inorganic in nature, yhey are called as mineral acids, such as hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid ,sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid.
Acids maybe also classified in accordance to their number of hydrogen ions present within the compound.
1. monobasis acid- containing one H ion ex. HCL.
2. dibasis acid- containing 2 H ions. Ex. Sulfuric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid,carbonic acid.Etc.
3. tribasis acid- containing 3 H ions, Ex. Phosphoric acid,arsenious acid, etc.

pH value:
very often expressed in terms of pH values. The pH value of any solution is the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the H ion concentration. Expressed mathematically as pH=log 1/H. thus a solution containing 10^5 mole of H per liter, has a pH value equal to 5 neutral solutions, usually expressed as pH-7; whereas acidic, below pH-5 and basis pH-10

Buffer solutions:
A buffer solution is a solution which has the property of maintaining a practically constant pH value, buffer solutions are usually mixture of a weak acid and one of its salts.

BASES:
Contain an OH radical,replaceable by any acid radical, changes color of red litmus paper to blue. Aqueous solution of bases feel soapy.

Nomenclature:
The naming of the compounds are simple. The metal present in the formula is mentioned first, followed by hydrxide. Ex. NaOH-Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide.

Classifications:
Bases maybe classified in accordance to its activity as strong or weak bases. Ex. Of strong bases is KOH or NaOH. Ex. Of weak is Calcium Hydroxide or Bariun Hydroxide,etc.
Bases maybe classified in accordance to the number of CH persent within the formula as:
1. monobasic base- containing only one OH radical in the formula. Ex. NaOH; KOH
2. diacid base- containing 2 (OH) radical in the formula. Ex. CaOH, BaOH
3. triacid base- containing 3 (OH) radical within the formula. Ex. AlOH3
Formation of bases:
1. bases are formed by the action of metal upon water 2 sodium plus 2 water equals 2 sodium hydrogen plus hydrogen.
2. interaction between a metallic oxide and water. Ammonia plus water equals ammonium hydroxide.
3. hydrolysis of salt:
sodium sulfate plus water equals sodium hydroxide plus sulfuric acid

Activity of acids and bases:
1. strong acids and bases are active acids and bases. They are completely ionized in solution.
2. weak acids and bases are inactive acids and bases. They are slightly ionized in solution.
Properties of acids and bases in terms of the theory of ionization.
1.The chemical properties of acids are due to H ions.
a. strong acids react rapidly with metals like Zn, while weak acid react slowly.
b. Strong acids have a decided effect on indicators, while weak acids have only a slight effect.
c. Strong acids displace weak acid from their salts and completely neutralize strong bases.
2.The chemical properties of bases are due to the OH ions:
a. strong bases have weaker effect on indicators than weak bases, produce in solution.
b. Strong bases displace weak bases from their salts.


SALTS:
Defined as highly ionized substances w/c yield neither H+ ions or OH- ions
The reaction of salts and water which forms acids and bases is called hydrolysis.
Nomenclature:
The naming of compounds is derived from the acids:salts which of oxygen acids whose name terminates in “ous” has s termination of “ite”. The name of the metal is mentoned first followed by the acid radical, but with an ending of ‘ite”.
Ex. The sodium salt of sulfurous acid is called Calcium Hypochlorite. The Ca salt of hypochlorous acid is called calcium hypochlorite. Salts, w/c derived from oxyacids whose name terminate in “ic” has a termination of ‘ate”. Ex. The Potassium salt,sulfuric acid is called potassium sulfate; the magnesium salt of nitric acid is called magnesium nitrate.
Binary salt, has their name derived from binary acids, the ending of binary acids is “ic”.
These salts derivatives terminate in “ide”. Ex. The sodium salt hydrochloric acid is called sodium chloride; or Ca salt of phosphoric acid is caleed Ca Phosphate.

Formation of Salts:
1. acids and bases or neutralization: HCL+NaOH___.>>>>NaCL+H2O
2. acids and metallic oxides: HNO3+ CaO>>>>Ca(NO3)2+ H2O
3. acid and certain metals: H2SO4+ Zn>>>>>ZnSO4+ H+
4. non-metallic o0xide and bases>>>>SO2+KOH>>>K2SO4+H2O
5. non-metallic oxide and metallic oxides: SiO2+CaO>>>Calcium Silicate
6. between two kinds of base>>>NaOH+Al(OH)3>>Sodium Aluminate
7. salts of weak bases and styrong bases:NH4CL+NaOH>>NaCL+NH$OH
8. 2 different salts (methathesis): BaCl+ Al2(SO4)3>>>Ba(SO4)3+AlCl3
Classification of Salts:
Salts maybe classified in accordance to the number of elements present:
1. Binary-containing a metal and a non-metal. Ex. Sodium chloride
2. Ternary salts-containing a metal and other 2 elements.
Ex. NaSO4
3. Quaternary- containing at least 4 elements
Ex. Ammonium Phosphate
Varieties of salts:
1. acid salts
2. basic salts
3. normal salts
4. complex salts
5. double salts
6. mixed salts
Neutralization: is the interaction between an equivalent amount of acid and base to form salt and water. The reverse of neutralization is hydrolysis.
Titration: the process of bringing about a well defined reaction by adding from a burette a measured amount of a dissolved reagent necessary to react with a known quantity of another substance under unvestigation in the presence of an indicator.
Standard solution: contains a definite quantity of solute per unit volume of the solution .
Indicators: are substances which change color when solution change from the basic to the acidic condition or vice versa. The change of the color of the indicators shows the neutral point in an acid action. Ex. Of indicator: phenolphthalein

Different Laws and Theories and hypothesis:
When a phenomenon is observed, an explanation to account for it is generally given. The attempt to answer how, why any phenomenon occurs, give rise to a hypothesis, which serves as the guide in the systematic study of the significance of natural phenomenon
Only, so long as it is not proven wrong. To make the hypothesis valid, it must not only agree with certain facts, but deductions from it be in harmony with all known facts,when the hypothesis become extensive,it becomes theory. A hypothesis may become a law of generalization, if on its basis a multiplicity of generalization w/c states briefly experimentally discovered facts. Hence, a “law” is limited by the fact it described.
1. Law of conservation of matter and energy
2. Law of conservation of mass
3. Law of indefinite proportions
4. The combining weights of an element
5. Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volume
6. Avogadro’s hypothesis
7. Dalton’s atomic theory
8. Dulong’s law
9. Henry’s law
10. Law of chatelier
11. Faraday’s law
12. Mass action law
13. Vant Hoff’s Principles
14. Graham’s law
15. Kinetic Molecular theory for gases

Mixture: is an aggregate of two or more different kinds of substance.
Kinds of Mixtures:
1. heterogeneous mixture- a combination of 2 or more substances, the components of which can be separated by mechanical means.
2. homogeneous- when the component cannot be separated by mechanical means, eg. Salts dissolved in water.

Q.C. 2 OUTLINE

1. TRUE OR FALSE
2. MULTIPLE SELECTION/ MATCHING TYPE( ANSWERS ARE GIVEN FOR YOU TO CHOOSE)
3. Identification
4. Essay:
1. How do you distinguish the color codes for stickers assigned?(5 points)
2. How do you handle the control of raw materials at different stage(reception/quarantine/ rejected/approved?
3. Why is sampling inspection is used in lieu of the 100 % inspection?
4. Why is Standard and Specifications being developed in the manufacturing laboratory?

PChem Pre-mid outline

1. study the groupings of the elements and their corresponding grp. names... for example: grp. O is a noble grp. and the elements that belong to this groups are helium,,,oxygen.... etc.
2. multiple choice/ selection of the introduction to chemistry.
3. double matching type based on enumerated items..
4. modified true or false good
5./ enumeration and identification.
goodluck!

Announcement

To all BS Pharmacy students with subjects enrolled in P'Chem 1 and Q.C. 2
Please be informed that the pre-mid exam is scheduled on wed and thurs based on your schedule..topics discussed and notes are the coverage of the exam. please be guided accordingly. sorry for not on line since we are also bz with our workshop here in dakak... see u. post ut comments on this blog if there are any.

announcement

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY LECTURE NOTES

ATTENTION:3RD YEAR STUDENTS:PLEASE READ AND UNDERSTAND WELL THE NOTES POSTED HERE..THIS COVERS PRE-MID EXAM...
Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
Supplemental Notes
Compiled by: MBTM

Fundamental Principles of Inorganic Chemistry
Matter- anything that occupies space and has weight.
Gases- kinetic theory of gases: gases lack definite shape or volume.
For example:
Gases are compressible and capable of expansibility. Just like the bottle of perfume left in an opened room, through w/c its fragrances can be felt at a distance.
Law of Gases:
Charles or Gay Lussac’s Law- states that the volume occupied by a certain gas is directly proportional to its absolute temp, if the pressure is kept constant:

V1 x T 2= V2 x T1 or V 1 T1
V2 T2
Boyle’s Law- states the volume of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, provided the temperature is kept constant:

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

Charle’s and Boyle’s Law is a combination of the 2 laws above and can be simplified as:

P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2

Molecule = is the smallest particle of a substance that can exist free at ordinary conditions in nature.
Avogadro’s law- equal volumes of gas contained the same number of molecules.
Liquids- the liquid state have larger cohesive force, the greater density, less compressibility. And greater resistance to flow that the gaseous substance passes in the gaseous state.
Kinetic Theory of Liquids: liquids are mobile, i.e they move freely among themselves. The molecular attraction is increased while mobility is diminished upon applying pressure. they can be vaporized by lowering pressure and increasing pressure and increasing temperature. LIQUID ASSUME THE SHAPE OF THE CONTAINER OR THE VESSEL.

Solids – have crystalline form, some amorphous..
Kinetic theory of Solids- the molecules of solid do not move freely among themselves, or the attractive forces exerted by the molecules of solid are regarded as suspension to that of the molecules of liquids and gases. With few exceptions, all solid matters expand when heated.. in solids, either in amorphous or crystalline, it has a fixed melting point and is capable of undergoing sublimation. Meaning it exerts a definite pressure.
The following processes are applied to solids:
1. Sublimation: the process of changing the solid to vapor without passing the liquid state and condensing the vapor back to solid.
2. Melting point: temperature at which a solid is changed to liquid.
3. Freezing Point: Temperature at which a liquid solidifies.
4. Vapor pressure of solids: solids evaporate to a certain extent. The pressure exerted by their vapor is known as the vapor pressure of solids.

ELEMENTS
Symbol- is an abbreviation representing the element.. Ex. H, He, Ne
Symbolic Formula- is a combination of symbols expressing the compound molecule.
Thus, NaCl means one atom of Sodium and one atom of Chlorine, making together one molecule of Sodium Chloride.
Nomenclature- means the naming of a compound of elements based upon the Geneva Congress’s system, and the names maybe derived from the discoverer or place of discoverers, and either given in Latin or German titles.

Classification of Elements:
A. Metals- Possess characteristic metallic luster, are good conductor of heat and electricity, malleable, and ductile.
Classification of Metals: they are classified according to their chemical reactions as follows: the most common are:
a. Alkali metal- Li, Na, K, Cs, NH4. – univalent and form strong bases that are soluble in water.
b. Alkaline earth metals- Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra- bivalent and form strong bases that are soluble in water.
c. Weak bases- all monovalent respectively, Cu, Ag, and Au.
d. Stable bases- except Hg, which forms monovalent compounds, all are bivalent, the hydroxides are stable bases.
e. Amphoteric hydroxides-p Sn, Pb, and Ti family. Quadrivalent, also act as bivalent.
Occurrence of metals in nature: free or combined form as ores.
*Native metals: free are; Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, bi, As and Sb.
*Minerals: Ores are:
1. Oxides of Fe, Sn, Cu, Al
2. Sulfides of Ni, Cu, Sb, Pb, Cd, Zn, Co
3. Carbonates of Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn. Mg, Si, and Ca
4. Sulfate of Pb, Ba, Sr, and Ca.
Metallurgy- Science that deal with the methods of extracting the metal from their ores.
Principles involved in the metallurgy of any metal consists in spreading the ore from useless foreign material ( rocks, sand, clays, limestone) groups, with which it is associated in nature. The resulting product is then subjected to one of the FOLLOWING PROCESSES, DEPENDING UPON THE COMPOSITION OF THE ORE.
1. Segregation of the ore form the gangue: the native metals are separated from the matrix by heating it with a flux , the chemical nature of which is opposite of that of the gangue, and which combines with the matrix to form fusible clay, which separates from the molten metal. Thus, silicious gangue requires fusible silicate slag. The addition of CaCO3 to the metals therefore is necessary.
2. Roasting: the ore are converted into oxides and oxides are reduced by heating with C or finely powdered Al
3. Reduction: the carbonates are heated to drive out CO2, and the oxide
is reduced. The sulfides are roasted to remove the sulfur and convert the mineral into an oxide which is then reduced.
4. Refining or Purification: metals not easily reduced are obtained by
Electrolysis, whereby the pure metal is produced, or purification may be done by remelting the metal together with an appropriate slag, leaving behind the pure state.
Properties of Metal: metals form oxides, which form salts by direct combination
With non-metallic oxides and acids. They unite directly with the halogen forming
Halide. They form positive ions.
5. Alloys: materials composed of 2 or more metals intimately mixed
Together.
6. Amalgams: are alloys of mercury with any metals.

B. Non-Metals: their properties show opposite characteristic than that of metal. Ex. C, S, O, H. N. P, or generally those which are capable of forming the negative ions.
C. Metalloids: characteristic properties of which are midway that of metals and non-metals, or generally those which don’t show metallic physical properties, but chemically behave as metal.
Ex. Silicon
D. Isotopes they are atoms of the same atomic number but different atomic weights or mass number ..elemental forms that are chemically identical, but have different types of
Nuclei.
E. Isobars: atoms of the same mass number but different atomic number.
F. Isotones: atoms of different elements but have the same number of neutrons.

Radioactivity:
Elements emit the invisible rays or radio actions which travel in straight lines, as does ordinary light. The emission of these rays , alpha and beta rays, from the nucleus of the atoms of a radioactive element gives rise to the formation of other elements.
Alpha Rays: known as alpha particle, consist of Helium atoms which carry two(2) positive electrical charges.(C.T. Wilson succeeded in making photographs of the trade of the alpha particles by making them pass thru an atmosphere saturated with water.. As the particle moves they ionize the air with water. Velocities ranging as high as 17,000 Km per second .
Beta Rays: second kind of rays emitted from the atomic nuclei of radio active elements, consist of electrons moving in straight lines, which possess velocities ranging from 25,000 to 300, 000 kilometers per second,they are identical with the cathode and most much greater velocities.
Gamma Rays: produced by radioactive substances, corresponding to the x-rays, but the wavelength is shorter and their frequency is greater than that of the x-ray. The Gamma rays are produced as a result of bombardment of the radioactive atoms by the beta particles. for this reason everytime gamma rays are produced and have least ionizing power of all the 3 rays.
The three(3) rays have the ability to pass through matter. The order of their relative penetrating power is the reverse of their ionizing power . Gamma rays have the greater penetrating power, Beta rays are from 1 to 10 % as penetrating as gamma rays, but are about 100 times more penetrating than alpha rays.
The rays cause physiological effects, the beta and the gamma rays produce the greatest effects. They produced beneficial effects if certain skin diseases are exposed for a short period of time to their action. In the case of over exposure, however, painful ulcers attributed to the effect of Beta Rays develop. The penetrating gamma rays are considered mainly responsible for the curative property of radium salts in the treatment of cancer. The alpha rays have very little effect, because of the low penetrating power. Germ cells exposed to the rays are killed or at least have their development retarded, although growth of plants is stimulated by short exposure to the rays.

Ten (10 ) Most Abundant Elements in the Universe
1. Hydrogen 6. Carbon
2. Helium 7. Silicon
3. Oxygen 8. Magnesium
4. Neon 9. Iron
5. Nitrogen 10.Sulfur
Three (3) Most Abundant Element in the Universe
1. Hydrogen
2. Helium
3. Oxygen
Three ( 3) Most Abundant Element in the Earth Crust
1. Oxygen
2. Silicon
3. Aluminum
The Most Abundant of the Metals, 3rd most abundant element on Earth Crust
1. Aluminum
First Element Produced Artificially: Technetium
Element present in insulin: Zinc
Element common to all acid: Hydrogen
A true metal that causes minamata poisoning: Mercury
Metal contaminated in drinking water believed to be the caused of itai-itai disease in Japan: Cadmium
Relatively abundant element that is chemically active in Research involving
Photosynthesis: Magnesium
Laughing Gas: Nitrous oxide
Component of Hard water: Magnesium and Calcium
Densiest element in the Periodic table: Osmium
Acid found in the stomach: HCl
Heavy Water: D2O
Artificial Air: 20% Oxygen, and 80 % Helium
Discovered Oxygen : Scheele
Most active of metallic elements, alkali metal group, soluble group
St. Elmo’s Fire: Phosphorus
An adsorbent in the treatment of diarrhea, widely distributed in nature both in
Free and combined state.: Carbon
Halogen used as a common water disinfectant: Chloride
Groupings of Elements:
Group O - Noble (inert) gases… He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Group I-A- Alkali metals… H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Group II-A- Alkaline Earth… Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Group III- A Boron Family… B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
Group IV –A Carbon family…C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
Group V-A- Nitrogen group… N, P, As, Sb,Bi
Group VI-A Chalcogen group… O, S,.Se, Te, Po
Group VII-A Halogens… F,Cl, Br, I, At
Group I-B Coinage elements… Cu, Ag, Au
Group II-B…. Volatile elements…. Zn, Cd, Hg
Group III-B ………Sc, Y
Group IV-B ………Ti, Zr, Hf
Group V-B ………V, Nb, Ta
Group VI-B ………Cr, Mo, W
Group VII-B ………Mn, Tc, Re
Group VIII-B ……… Fe, Co, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir, Ni, Palladium, Platinum
Take note starting from group III-B and ending at group II-B is the transition element. The inner transition elements are the lanthanides and actinide series

Introduction to Qualitative Analysis

Identifying Anions and Cations
Related Resources
• Analytical Chemistry• Chemistry Glossary• General Chemistry• Inorganic Chemistry• Periodic Table

Qualitative analysis is used to separate and detect cations and anions in a sample substance. In an educational setting, it is generally true that the concentrations of the ions to be identified are all approximately 0.01 M in an aqueous solution. The 'semimicro' level of qualitative analysis employs methods used to detect 1-2 mg of an ion in 5 mL of solution.
First, ions are removed in groups from the initial aqueous solution. After each group has been separated, then testing is conducted for the individual ions in each group. Here is a common grouping of cations:
Group I: Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+
Precipitated in 1 M HCl
Group II: Bi3+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, (Pb2+), Sb3+ and Sb5+, Sn2+ and Sn4+
Precipitated in 0.1 M H2S solution at pH 0.5
Group III: Al3+, (Cd2+), Co2+, Cr3+, Fe2+ and Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+
Precipitated in 0.1 M H2S solution at pH 9
Group IV: Ba2+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, NH4+
Ba2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are precipitated in 0.2 M (NH4)2CO3 solution at pH 10; the other ions are soluble
Many reagents are used in qualitative analysis, but only a few are involved in nearly every group procedure. The four most commonly used reagents are 6M HCl, 6M HNO3, 6M NaOH, 6M NH3. Understanding the uses of the reagents is helpful when planning an analysis.
Common Qualitative Analysis Reagents
Reagent Effects
6M HCl Increases [H+]Increases [Cl-]Decreases [OH-]Dissolves insoluble carbonates, chromates, hydroxides, some sulfatesDestroys hydroxo and NH3 complexesPrecipitates insoluble chlorides
6M HNO3 Increases [H+]Decreases [OH-]Dissolves insoluble carbonates, chromates, and hydroxidesDissolves insoluble sulfides by oxidizing sulfide ionDestroys hydroxo and ammonia complexesGood oxidizing agent when hot
6 M NaOH Increases [OH-]Decreases [H+]Forms hydroxo complexesPrecipitates insoluble hydroxides
6M NH3 Increases [NH3]Increases [OH-]Decreases [H+]Precipitates insoluble hydroxidesForms NH3 complexesForms a basic buffer with NH4+
Among the most common reactions in qualitative analysis are those involving the formation or decomposition of complex ions and precipitation reactions. These reactions may be performed directly by adding the appropriate anion, or a reagent such as H2S or NH3 may dissociate in water to furnish the anion. Strong acid may be used to dissolve precipitates containing a basic anion. Ammonia or sodium hydroxide may be used to bring a solid into solution if the cation in the precipitate forms a stable complex with NH3 or OH-.
Complexes of Cations with NH3 and OH-
Cation NH3 Complex OH- Complex
Ag+ Ag(NH3)2+ --
Al3+ --Al(OH)4-
Cd2+ Cd(NH3)42+ --
Cu2+ Cu(NH3)42+ (blue) --
Ni2+ Ni(NH3)62+ (blue) --
Pb2+ -- Pb(OH)3-
Sb3+ -- Sb(OH)4-
Sn4+ -- Sn(OH)62-
Zn2+ Zn(NH3)42+ Zn(OH)42-
A cation is usually present as a single principal species, which may be a complex ion, free ion, or precipitate. If the reaction goes to completion the principal species is a complex ion. The precipitate is the principal species if most of the precipitate remains undissolved. If a cation forms a stable complex, addition of a complexing agent at 1 M or greater generally will convert the free ion to complex ion.
The dissociation constant Kd can be used to determine the extent to which a cation is converted to a complex ion. The solubility product constant Ksp can be used to determine the fraction of cation remaining in a solution after precipitation. Kd and Ksp are both required to calculate the equilibrium constant for dissolving a precipitate in a complexing agent.