Pharmaceutics 1 guide questions for final exam

Pharmaceutics I ( guide questions for Final Exam)
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Set A: Identify the following:
1. The process of redistilling one or more times from fresh delicate drugs with small quantities of volatile principles.
2. The limit of volume of multiple-dose containers of parental is generally:
3. Hypodermic needle sizes are expressed by gauge numbers: the gauge numbers refers to:
4. In tablet compression, the large , poorly formed, compacted mass of powder is referred as:
5. The minimum force applied to test a satisfactorily hard tablet is:
6. Common lubricant for tablets:
7. Cocoa butter is used as base for manufacture of:
8. The all glass container for small volume parental:
9. The aseptic area in parental department is classified as:
10. Component of effervescent granules, except:
11. PSIG in aerosol means:
12. Impalpable refers to substance that is:
13. Colligative properties are useful in detecting:
14. Viscous preparations intended for warm external application to a body surface is:
15. Percolation maybe used to prepare:
16. An aqueous solution used to evacuate bowel is:
17. The vapor pressure of a solution is ________ by presence of solute:
18. Humectants for creams:
19. Method of preparing emulsions containing volatile oil is by:
20. Rule of thumb is the principle applied for testing:
21. Arrange the sizes of capsule from biggest to smallest:

Set B: Give the meaning of the following terms:
1. Demelanizers
2. Keratolytics
3. Pyroxillin
4. Phenol
5. HCl
6. Rose water oil
7. Lanolin
8. Lidding
9. Lotion
10. Colation

Set C: Give the meaning of the following Acronyms:
1. pH
2. RDA
3. SPF
4. PAP Smear
5. ADR
6. EFA
7. HRT
8. PDEA
9. DDB
10. LSD
Set D: Give the meaning of the following definition:

1. Juices
2. Gargles
3. Irrigation solution
4. Insufflations
5. Mucilages
6. Liniment
8. Douches
9. Otic solution
10. Inhalation
11. Dentrifices
12. Mouthwashes
13. Glycerins
14. Enemas
15. Aromatic water
16. Jellies
17.Aromatic water
18. Colloidions
19. Water
20.Extracts
21.Honeys


Set E. Give the meaning of the following Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

1. Troches/Lozenges/Pastilles
2. Pills
3. Syrups
4. Solution
5. Suspensions
6. Emulsions
7. Capsules
8. Elixirs
9. Tinctures
10. Tablets
11. Pastes
12. Lotions
13. Parental
14. Creams
15. Ointments

these are sample questions that will come out in the exam.
type of exam will vary form multiple choice ,,matching type....etc...

Good Luck!

grades from Pre-mid to Pre-final

PHARMACEUTICS 1 (LECTURE)210285- 5-6 PM, MWF
2ND SEMESTER, SCHOOL YEAR 2010-2011
SECOND YEAR LEVEL.- SECTION C
NAME PMG MTG PFG
1. ABUBAKAR , NUSAIBA ISMAEL
86 77 86
2. AIYUB, FITRI NISA AMIL
84 84 78
3. ALAMA, NURHAINA DAUL
85 86 84
4. AMAT, SITTI AISHA MOHAMMAD
88 87 86
5. ANUDDIN, RIZARA ABDULMONAP
77 88
6. ATARI, BARNIEZAR JAUHARI
80 72 72
7. BAGUIO, PRITZ AVON REYES
81 81 80
8. CUEVAS, NELIHA SALIALAM
85 74 77
9. DUMAYAG, MERZAIMA TIBLANI
80 81 79
10.ELHANO, FARHANA S.
88 88 83
11. GADJA, WENA YUSOP
83 75 82
12. GUTIERREZ, GENALYN ENOPIA
88 84 83
13. HAJIHIL, SHERNA HAJIBAIN
76 68 72
14. HALID, MERJAIFA HADJIRUL
80 71 74
15. HATIMIL, RADZIA S.
50 64 82
16. INDANAN, FATRA MAJID
80 73 77
17. ISMAEL, SAHARA FACULTAD
79 64 69
18. JAJURIE, SUHER TAHIR

19. LIM, ZYRA, MARIA FE
89 87 82
20. LORENO, SHELLO RASONABLE
84 74 79
21. MINONG, AIZA J.
79 75 75
22.MIRASOL, SHELLA MAY ABDULJALIL

85 80 82

23. MISOLANIA, JOBELLE IRISH E.

78 71 85
24. MUHARRAM, RAISA BALA
81 82 85
25. SAHIPA, MARSIMA YUSOP
84 86 85
26. SALAPUDDIN, REILY TARROZA
50 67 50
27. SALMAN, ABDULLAH MUKSAN
83 83 77
28.VALDEZ, RHASMIYA JUNAIDE
76 84 74
29. VALIENTE, EVERLYN A.
83 76 81
30. WINTERS, SHERYL FRANCISCO.
83 74 74
31. MAWADIL, SHARIFA
84 70 62

for inquiries... you may see me personally
Goodluck to all.

FINAL DEFENSE SCHEDULE 2011(BS PHARMACY)

Final Presentation Schedule 2010-2011
venue: IMC, Tetuan Campus, Zamboanga City
March 31, 2011(Thursday)
9:00 AM
INSTALLATION OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) CAMERA AND AIR CONDITIONING UNIT AT UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA
(ALCANTARA, BUISON, PIALA, POTENCIANO, SULAIMAN)
M.DAMIL(ADVISER), J. IGNACIO (STATISTICIAN), JD FRANCISCO & S. ANANA( PANEL MEMBERS)

10:00 AM
TRACER STUDY OF BS PHARMACY GRADUATES OF UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA SCHOOL YEAR 2007-2009
( AHAJAN, DAWAIM, HASHIM, ISMAEL, JAUJALI)
LP.BAZAN( ADVISER), JDFRANCISCO ( STATISTICIAN), BRILLANTES & E. DANDA( PANEL MEMBERS),

11:00 AM
EFFICACY OF PURE EXTRACT & PREPARED HERBAL BATH SOAP FROM Annona muricata Linn., FAMILY ANNONACEAE: UNRIPE GUYABANO FRUIT EXTRACT
(GUMBAHALI, HAJAN, JAAFAR, JUHAILI, SHALIH)
A. LABRADOR( ADVISER), A. DIYA( STATISTICIAN), M. DAGALEA & T. TOLENTINO (PANEL MEMBERS)

12:00PM
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF PREPARED TOPICAL OINTMENT FROM RIPE Mangifera indica Linn.FAMILY: Anacardiaceae:MANGO SEED KERNEL EXTRACT AGAINST Staphyloccoccus aureus & Escherichia coli
( HAMJA, SALABI, TAHA, USAB)
A. LABRADOR(ADVISER)

1:00 PM
BACTERICIDAL EFFECT OF PREPARED LIQUID SOAP FROM Euphorbia hirta Linn. TAWA-TAWA STEM EXTRACT AGAINST Staphyloccoccus aureus & Escherichia coli

( DAMAHAN, ENGUERRA, HUSSEIN, MOGOL, TORRECAMPO)
A,DAND2A( ADVISER), A. DIYA( STATISTICIAN), M. DAGALEA & A. LABRADOR( PANEL MEMBERS)

2:00 PM

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF BOARD EXAMINATION RATINGS AMONG UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA PHARMACY GRADUATES, SCHOOL YEAR 2008- 2009
(GARCIA, ISAD, MACUSI, MANAJIL, SARIPADA)
LP. BAZAN( ADVISER), JD FRANCISCO ( STATISTICIAN), BRILLANTES & E. DANDA( PANEL MEMBERS)

3:00PM
PROFESSIONALISM AMONG PHARMACIST IN ZAMBOANGA CITY
( ASONG, DEMECILLO, ENIONG, GAMBA, PREPOSE)
M. DAGALEA( ADVISER), J., IGNACIO ( STATISTICIAN). LP BAZAN & E. DANDA( PANEL MEMBERS)

APRIL 1, 2011( FRIDAY)

9:00 AM

UNRIPE KAMIAS AS AN ALTERNATIVE STAIN REMOVER TO COMMON HOUSEHOLD STAIN
(ALLAMA, HAMSA, MAS-OUD, PADJIRI, SAWBAN)
E. DANDA (ADVISER ), J. IGNACIO( STATISTICIAN), LP BAZAN & M. BRILLANTES( PANEL MEMBERS)

NOTE:
THE ABOVE SCHEDULE IS JUST A PARTIAL LIST OF SCHEDULE FOR THE FINAL DEFENSE, GROUPS NOT YET MENTIONED SCHEDULED TO FOLLOW.

ATTENTION RESEARCHERS:
1. PLEASE BE IN YOUR BUSINESS / CASUAL ATTIRE( NO MAONG PANTS AND STEP-INS ALLOWED)
2. BRING YOUR ID’S
3. LATE COMERS GROUND FOR REFUSAL TO PRESENT RESEARCH STUDY UNLESS REASON/S VALID.
4. SEE ME ONE HOUR BEFORE YOUR SCHEDULED TIME FOR PRESENTATION.
5. MEMBER/S OF THE GROUP ABSENT DURING PROPOSAL AUTOMATICALLY GETS/GET 50%.

RULES STRICTLY TO BE FOLLOWED.

FOR YOUR INFORMATION.

MRS. MOGOL
RTW 2 CHAIRMAN/SUBJECT ADVISER

biotechnology seminar at garden orchid hotel. Feb. 24,2011

Manufacturing lec/lab Pre-FINAL Exam Outline 2010-2011

OUTLINE:
1. 20 ITEMS MULTIPLE CHOICE:
EX. - PROCESS EMPLOYED BOTH TO COMMINUTE AND MIX POWDERS.
- THERAPEUTIC USE OF ZINC OXIDE PASTE
- KNOWN AS GREASELESS OINTMENT BASES
- CRITERIA & STANDARDS FOR RAW MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS.
- EXAMPLE OF A BASE THAT IS WASHABLE IN WATER AND ABSORBS WATER
2. IDENFICATION OF THE DIFFERENT TERMS..MOST OF THE QUESTIONS WERE TAKEN IN TRAINING
EX. -TYPES OF CONTAMINATION THAT CAN'T BE SEEN THRU THE NAKED EYE.
-SIZE OF DUST PARTICULATES
3. MODULE HANDOUT.MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE.
EX. - THE CONTAINER OF CHOICE FOR OINTMENTS IS GLASS.
GOODLUCK!

CLIN.TOXI. OUTLINE

TOPICS TO STUDY:
1. BOTANICAL ORIGIN, ALKALOID, THERAPEUTIC USE OF THE FOLLOWING :
EX: PILOCARPINE
PERIWINKLE
YOHIMBE
ERGOT
TEA
NOTE: THESE ARE JUST SOME OF THE COMMON NAMES OF ALKALOIDS GIVEN.
2. CLASSIFY THE ALKALOIDS ACCORDING TO ITS DERIVATIVES...THREE ALKALOIDS FOR EACH OF THE CLASSIFICATION.. EX. ISOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES.

3. MATCHING TYPE ON THE DIFFERENT ALKALOIDS WITH THEIR FATAL DOSE.
EX. VERONAL,PHYSOSTIGMINE, VERONAL, OPIUM, MORPHINE TO NAME A FEW...

4. MULTIPLE SELECTION ON THE DIFFERENT DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS.
GOODLUCK!

to pharmaceutic 1 students:
-study on the assignment i have given u on topics of liquids.
-the different terms in your handouts.
-the types of glasses and its corresponding constituent.
- type of exam: multiple choice, true or false, identification.
GOOD LUCK!

Clinical Toxi. Outline Pre-Mid Exam. 2010-11

Clinical Toxicology Outline
Pre-Mid Examination
2nd Semester 2010-2011


Test I: instruction will be given during exam.day
1. The choice of the professional poisoner:
2. a specialized field of toxicology that designates an area of professional, emphasis within the realm of medical science:
3. the major route by which toxic agents gain access to the body are through the following except:
4. a poison which increases suddenly in its intensity of action after slow or gradual addition of it is called:
5. evidences obtained from an examination of the tissues and organs of the dead.
6. evidences obtained after detection of suspected substance via analysis of samples of body fluids collected
7. evidences from events., facts but can not be considered as a strong evidence.
8. evidences obtained by administering the suspected substance to living animals.
9. a poison which has a prompt, marked disturbance of function or death within short period of time:
10. this type of patient related genetic defect may lead to toxicity:
11. a poisoning effect that possesses both local and remote effects
12. the evidences to be saved in non-fatal poisoning are the following: except:

13. when reporting cases of poisoning like eating in a public restaurant, the cases should be reported to the:
14.most accidental poisoning in children is caused by:
15.???


Test II:
1. toxicology has been derived from the greek word?
2. an organ thru which nearly all the poisons are eliminated is the ?
3. it was ???? who ist refuse to discuss about the nature of the poisons.
4. all?????have their properties to fix themselves to certain tissues of the body.
5. washing is often advisable even after free vomiting as some adhere to stomach walls.
6. there is no ?????distinctive chemical test for certain poisons.
7. symptoms of food poisoning are usually those of a ????? intestinal irritation.
8. poisons affect the ???& cause death by sudden shock and collapse.
9. gaseous poisons are not deposited but promptly removed by way of the ????
10.almost every poison has been known to produce ???? effect, but the only true convulsive poisons are the alkaloids of the ?????class.
Test III- Matching Type Manifestation shown as indicated by the poison: Letter/s only.
A. BLOOD CHANGES
1. dark red blood a. aniline
2. cherry red blood b. heparin/coumarin/ benzene
3. chocolate blood c. CO/ cyanide
4. blood coagulabilioty decreases d. nicotine
B. SKIN DISCOLORATION:
1. palebonds on fingernails a. boric acid
2. yellow b. Ag salts
3. Ash gray c. arsenic
4. brown black d.physostigmine
5. bleaching white e. Br
6. deep brown f. HNO3
7. blue g. H2SO4 acid
8. bluish gray h. phenol
9. boiled lobster appearance i. cyanotics
C. ODOR OF BREATH/ DISCOLORATION OF GUMS
1. black gum line a. acetone
2. stale tobacco b. nicotine
3. mouse urine c. cyanide
4. shoe polish d. nitrobenzene
5. fruity odor e. Hg
6. garlic odor f. Bi
7. blue gum line g. coniine
8. sweet penetrating odor h. ethanol
9. bitter almonds i. malathion
D. POISONS DETECTED FROM CHEMICAL TESTS
1. KI a. heavy metals
2. modified duquenois b. mercury
3. marquis c. aniline
4. bromine water d. halogens
5. AAS e. marijuana
6. brown ring f. opium
7. beilstein g. bismuth
8. nylander h. nitrates

E. VISUAL/ RESPIRATORY DISTURBANCES
1. irritation a. marijuana
2. blurred vision b. methyl alcohol
3. blood shot eyes c. anticholinergic
4. violent sneezing d. SO2
5. partial/ total blindness e. veratrine
F. OTHER CHANGES
1. luminous vomitus/alopecia a. salicylates
2. blue green vomitus b. anticholinergic
3. ground coffee vomitus c. arsenic
4. blister formation d. copper
5. bloody sputum e. H2SO4
6. tinnitus f. cadmium
7. lock jaw g. barium
8. loss of voice h. cantharidin
9. bleeding gums i. strychnine
10. xerostomia j. mercury
Goodluck!!!!Happy New Year!

Manufacturing lec/lab Pre-Mid Exam Outline

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Outline
Pre-mid Examination  2^nd sem. Year 2010-2011

Instruction will be given on the day of the exam.(either identification/multiple choice)

Test I:??

--------- 1. High resistant borosilicate glass is also referred to as:

______2. General purpose soda-lime glass

______3. treated soda lime glass with sulfur dioxide and is suitable for buffered

parenteral solutions, and has a pH of below 7, & is not reactive with glass

______4.  regular soda lime glass

5. suppositories are made by:

6. rule of thumb is the principle applied for testing:

7. anteroom, which separates the sterile areas from non-sterile areas;

8. CGMP means:

9. an equipment associated with the maintenance of dust –free areas; 

10. a common lubricant added to tablet granulations:

11. this statement is true of the FIFO policy:

            a. prevents contaminations and mix- ups

            b. assures that the oldest stock of material is used first

            c. contains information regarding the activity of the component.

            d. AOTA

12. diluent of choice for chewable tablets:

13. freeze-drying is also known as:

14. most biologicals are store at this temperature:

15. a class of raw materials, which are to be subjected to tests and assays by

      the  Quality Control Department, and are not yet to be used in the production of     

      pharmaceuticals:

16. refers to the addition of an active in an unstable pharmaceutical preparations, to   

      compensate for the loss during  manufacture:

17. the following are the effects of product recalls to a drug- manufacturing firm:

18. a special technique for poorly- soluble drugs, in which it is improved by the

      addition of a water- miscible solvent, in which the drug will have increased water

      solubility:

19.  a standard document, which give instructions to the production department to

       produce a pharmaceutical product for distribution/ sale in the market ;

20. examples of primary packaging components;

21. this raw material can be used as a tablet diluent, disintegrant and binder:

22. strip- sealed tablets are evaluated for:

23. a system for ensuring that products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards. It is designed to minimize the risks or errors involved in any pharmaceutical production, which cannot be eliminated through the final  testing of the product:

24. an instrument used to check the tightness of the cap/closure:

25. a tablet processing problem characterized by the separation of the tablet into several distinct layers;

26. uneven distribution of color in tablet coating is due to :

27. a batch or any portion of a batch of drug produced by a continuous process is:

28. sealing of ampule is done by:

29. classified as sterile product although not injected into the body:

30. fever producing substances arising from microbial contamination are:

          

Test II: Draw the Organiztional Chart of a typical Manufacturing firm.(10 pts.)

Test II:Sketch the chart representing different division. Sections of Manuf’g area(5pts)

Test III: draw the chart under the raw materials and differentiate the color being used. (10 pts.)

Test III: Give the three classification of bottle defects and give five (5) examples of each.(15 pts.

                                                GOODLUCK!!!!

                       

TOP THREE BEST THESIS AND TOP PRESENTER

Congratulations to the following:
TOP THREE Best Thesis Proposal Presented:
1. BACTERICIDAL EFFECTS OF PREPARED SOAP FROM EUPHORBIA HIRTA LINN: GATAS-GATAS EXTRACT AGAINST S. aureus AND E. coli………………………………………………………………………..88.67%
Researchers : DAMAHAN, ENGUERRA, HUSSEIN, MOGOL, TORRECAMPO
Adviser: Prof. Arlene Danda
Statistician: Engr. Diya
Panel members: Prof. M. Dagalea and Prof. A. Labrador
2. ASSESSMENT OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PHARMACY STUDENTS ON PHARMACY JURISPRUDENCE AMONG PHARMACIST…………………………………………………………………………………….88.33 %
Researchers: ASONG, GAMBA, DEMECILLO, ENIONG, PREPOSE
Adviser: Prof. M. Dagalea
Statistician: Prof. J. Ignacio
Panel Members: Prof. E. Danda, Prof. L. bazan
3.****** THE EFFICACY OF SAP FROM CARICA PAPAYA LINN. FAMILY CARICACEAE: PAPAYA IN REMOVING CALLUS…………………………………………………………………………………………87.33 %
Researchers: ABDULHAKIM, ABDULKAHIL, SAHIR, TAHA(VHANISADAR), TANI
Adviser: Prof. E. Danda,
Statistician: J. Ignacio
Panel members: Prof.LP. Bazan, Prof R. Tan.
*********PERCEPTION ON THE INSTALLATION OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) CAMERA AND CLASSROOM AIR CONDITIONING AMONG STUDENTS OF SCHOOL OF ALLIED MEDICINE…….87. 33%
Researchers: ALCANTARA, BUISON, PIALA, POTENCIANO, SULAIMAN
Adviser: Prof. M. Damil,
Statistician: Prof. J. Ignacio
Panel Members: Prof. S. Anana, Dr. J.Francisco
BEST PRESENTER IN PRE-ORAL:
1. THE EFFICACY OF SAP FROM CARICA PAPAYA LINN. FAMILY CARICACEAE: IN REMOVING CALLUS
Researchers: Abdulhakim, Abdulkahil, Sahir, Taha(Vhani), Tani
Again , Congrats to all the fifteen(15) groups who passed the Pre-oral Presentation. Goodluck in your undertakings.. Prepared by:
Prof. Mary Belen T. Mogol
Research Instructor/Thesis Chair

TIPS FOR PRE-ORAL AND FINAL DEFENSES

Tips for Pre-Oral and Final Defenses
1. Write a prayer that will best suit your intentions and purpose.
2. Make sure your research paper is well edited and printed.
3. Be ready to explain everything that appears in your research paper.
4. Get the meaning of unfamiliar and difficult words in your paper. Be sure you understand everything that you have included. Chances are, you will be made to explain important citations in your text.
5. Although you are not expected to memorize your book from cover-to cover, you are expected to know the many significant details about your study. Answers to specific details such as your problem at hand, your research design, research methodology, respondents, research instrument, sampling procedure, scoring of data, etc. should be within your fingertips.
6. Know your statistical computations and how they are interpreted. Your statistician will be able to assist you in this aspect.
7. Be cordial and respectful in answering the questions. Corteous language has always a place in intellectual exchanges.
8. The adviser and as well as the researchers may record the suggestions made by the panelists. A copy is given to you after your defense. Read the suggestions before you leave. Clarify suggestions which are somewhat ambiguous to you while the panelists are still intact. When they disperse you will have a hard time seeing them individually.
9. The time allowed for the revision of your manuscript based on the suggestions is usually two weeks at the most. Set your target for the revisions and do it in record time. Leaving your work to some other time is procrastination. When this sets in, you will not be able to finish your work as scheduled. Time is an important commodity which you should not waste.
10. You are advised to submit your revised and approved research proposal before undertaking data gathering.
11. Timeless and freshness of your data and findings are crucial factors. If you do not act on time, your research will be overtaken by events and everything will become obsolete without you even knowing it.

Assignment in P'chem. 1 lecture

1. Name the different elements that belong to groups:
a. I-A alkali metals
b. I-B Coinage metals
c. II-A Alkali Earth metals
d. II-B Volatile metals
2. Enumerate the different compounds under each element and give its therapeutic value or medicinal value.
3. give its synonyms and other important uses.
4. it should be handwritten and not back to back..
5. to submit on saturday. (Aug 28, 2010)

INORGANIC CHEM NOTES

Lrcture notes in P’Chem. Inorganic Chem
Compiled by: MBTM
Mid-term coverage

Compounds are made of two or more different kinds of atoms.
Examples: water, sugar, alcohol, common table salt, starch (typical compounds)
Classification of compounds:
1. Binary- a combination of two(2) elements at a definite proportion and composition.
Ex. Na, Cl, combined to form NaCl; or two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen to form water.
2. Ternary - a combination of three (3) elements at a definite composition and proportion.
Ex. One part of Na, one part of S and a four (4)parts of oxygen, combine to form sodium sulfate
3. Quarternary – a combination of four(4) elements at a definite composition and proportion.
Ex. Four (4) parts of K, 1 part of Fe, 6 parts of C, 6 parts of N, combine to form potassium ferrocyanide or two(2) parts of N, 8 parts of H, one part of S and 4 parts of oxygen combine to form ammonium sulfate compound.

Compounds maybe classified according to form:
1. Isomorphous- if different compounds crystallize in the same form such as potassium permanganate and potassium chlorate, they are said to be isomorphous and the phenomenon is isomorphism.
2. Polymorphous- compounds, forming 2 or more different types of crystals,
Example: C is said to a polymorphous and the phenomenon is polymorphism.
3. Metamorphous- the same compound but they can be changed into one form to another.
Example: chalk, when change to marble, having the same chemical formula as calcium carbonate
4. Isomeric- is a class of organic compounds in which compounds have the same molecular formula, but differs in physical and chemical properties. The phenomenon is called isomerism.
Example: ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether.
5. Polymer – a class of organic compounds in which two or more compounds have the same percentage of elements present in the compound. If the molecules of the compound is taken twice it is termed as monomer, if more than twice it is termed as polymer. The phenomenon is called polymerism.
Example:formaldehyde (HCHO) and paraformadelhyde (HCHO).
Compounds maybe classified in accordance to its behavior as acid,bases and salts.

Acids – is defined as a compound,which yields hydrogen ions in solution,taste sour,changes blue litmus paper to red, liberates hydrogen when acted upon by metals like Fe, ,Zn, and Al, conducts electric current.All acids contains in their molecules one or more hydrogen atoms replaceable by a metal.
a. acid anhydrides- are non-metallic oxides which form acids upon combination with water,as carbon dioxide,sulfur dioxide,etc…
b. oxyacids- acids which contain oxygen in their molecules

Nomenclature of acids:
All binary acids have a prefix of” hydro” and suffix of”ic”.
Ex.HCL as Hydrochloric acid; HBR as Hydrobromic acid.Oxyacids has a different way of nomenclature. It is baesde upon the case of ternary compounds. Ex. Sulfur in sulfuric acid.

Formation of Acids:
1.Volatile acids are prepared by treatment of salts with non-volatile acids, thus: 2NaCl plus sulfuric acids equals sodium sulfate plus 2HCL.
2. Interaction between H and other non-metallic element. 2 hydrogen plus 2 HCL.
3.Interaction between an acid anhydride with water. Phosphorus trioxide plus 2 water equals the phosphorous acid.
4.hydrlysis of salts:
a. sodium sulfate plus water equal sodium hydroxide plus sulfuric acid.

Classification of Acids:
Acid maybe classified in accordance to their strength as weak and strong acids. The weak acid generally are those which are of organic in nature. Ex. Hac, while the strong ones are those which are of inorganic in nature, yhey are called as mineral acids, such as hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid ,sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid.
Acids maybe also classified in accordance to their number of hydrogen ions present within the compound.
1. monobasis acid- containing one H ion ex. HCL.
2. dibasis acid- containing 2 H ions. Ex. Sulfuric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid,carbonic acid.Etc.
3. tribasis acid- containing 3 H ions, Ex. Phosphoric acid,arsenious acid, etc.

pH value:
very often expressed in terms of pH values. The pH value of any solution is the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the H ion concentration. Expressed mathematically as pH=log 1/H. thus a solution containing 10^5 mole of H per liter, has a pH value equal to 5 neutral solutions, usually expressed as pH-7; whereas acidic, below pH-5 and basis pH-10

Buffer solutions:
A buffer solution is a solution which has the property of maintaining a practically constant pH value, buffer solutions are usually mixture of a weak acid and one of its salts.

BASES:
Contain an OH radical,replaceable by any acid radical, changes color of red litmus paper to blue. Aqueous solution of bases feel soapy.

Nomenclature:
The naming of the compounds are simple. The metal present in the formula is mentioned first, followed by hydrxide. Ex. NaOH-Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide.

Classifications:
Bases maybe classified in accordance to its activity as strong or weak bases. Ex. Of strong bases is KOH or NaOH. Ex. Of weak is Calcium Hydroxide or Bariun Hydroxide,etc.
Bases maybe classified in accordance to the number of CH persent within the formula as:
1. monobasic base- containing only one OH radical in the formula. Ex. NaOH; KOH
2. diacid base- containing 2 (OH) radical in the formula. Ex. CaOH, BaOH
3. triacid base- containing 3 (OH) radical within the formula. Ex. AlOH3
Formation of bases:
1. bases are formed by the action of metal upon water 2 sodium plus 2 water equals 2 sodium hydrogen plus hydrogen.
2. interaction between a metallic oxide and water. Ammonia plus water equals ammonium hydroxide.
3. hydrolysis of salt:
sodium sulfate plus water equals sodium hydroxide plus sulfuric acid

Activity of acids and bases:
1. strong acids and bases are active acids and bases. They are completely ionized in solution.
2. weak acids and bases are inactive acids and bases. They are slightly ionized in solution.
Properties of acids and bases in terms of the theory of ionization.
1.The chemical properties of acids are due to H ions.
a. strong acids react rapidly with metals like Zn, while weak acid react slowly.
b. Strong acids have a decided effect on indicators, while weak acids have only a slight effect.
c. Strong acids displace weak acid from their salts and completely neutralize strong bases.
2.The chemical properties of bases are due to the OH ions:
a. strong bases have weaker effect on indicators than weak bases, produce in solution.
b. Strong bases displace weak bases from their salts.


SALTS:
Defined as highly ionized substances w/c yield neither H+ ions or OH- ions
The reaction of salts and water which forms acids and bases is called hydrolysis.
Nomenclature:
The naming of compounds is derived from the acids:salts which of oxygen acids whose name terminates in “ous” has s termination of “ite”. The name of the metal is mentoned first followed by the acid radical, but with an ending of ‘ite”.
Ex. The sodium salt of sulfurous acid is called Calcium Hypochlorite. The Ca salt of hypochlorous acid is called calcium hypochlorite. Salts, w/c derived from oxyacids whose name terminate in “ic” has a termination of ‘ate”. Ex. The Potassium salt,sulfuric acid is called potassium sulfate; the magnesium salt of nitric acid is called magnesium nitrate.
Binary salt, has their name derived from binary acids, the ending of binary acids is “ic”.
These salts derivatives terminate in “ide”. Ex. The sodium salt hydrochloric acid is called sodium chloride; or Ca salt of phosphoric acid is caleed Ca Phosphate.

Formation of Salts:
1. acids and bases or neutralization: HCL+NaOH___.>>>>NaCL+H2O
2. acids and metallic oxides: HNO3+ CaO>>>>Ca(NO3)2+ H2O
3. acid and certain metals: H2SO4+ Zn>>>>>ZnSO4+ H+
4. non-metallic o0xide and bases>>>>SO2+KOH>>>K2SO4+H2O
5. non-metallic oxide and metallic oxides: SiO2+CaO>>>Calcium Silicate
6. between two kinds of base>>>NaOH+Al(OH)3>>Sodium Aluminate
7. salts of weak bases and styrong bases:NH4CL+NaOH>>NaCL+NH$OH
8. 2 different salts (methathesis): BaCl+ Al2(SO4)3>>>Ba(SO4)3+AlCl3
Classification of Salts:
Salts maybe classified in accordance to the number of elements present:
1. Binary-containing a metal and a non-metal. Ex. Sodium chloride
2. Ternary salts-containing a metal and other 2 elements.
Ex. NaSO4
3. Quaternary- containing at least 4 elements
Ex. Ammonium Phosphate
Varieties of salts:
1. acid salts
2. basic salts
3. normal salts
4. complex salts
5. double salts
6. mixed salts
Neutralization: is the interaction between an equivalent amount of acid and base to form salt and water. The reverse of neutralization is hydrolysis.
Titration: the process of bringing about a well defined reaction by adding from a burette a measured amount of a dissolved reagent necessary to react with a known quantity of another substance under unvestigation in the presence of an indicator.
Standard solution: contains a definite quantity of solute per unit volume of the solution .
Indicators: are substances which change color when solution change from the basic to the acidic condition or vice versa. The change of the color of the indicators shows the neutral point in an acid action. Ex. Of indicator: phenolphthalein

Different Laws and Theories and hypothesis:
When a phenomenon is observed, an explanation to account for it is generally given. The attempt to answer how, why any phenomenon occurs, give rise to a hypothesis, which serves as the guide in the systematic study of the significance of natural phenomenon
Only, so long as it is not proven wrong. To make the hypothesis valid, it must not only agree with certain facts, but deductions from it be in harmony with all known facts,when the hypothesis become extensive,it becomes theory. A hypothesis may become a law of generalization, if on its basis a multiplicity of generalization w/c states briefly experimentally discovered facts. Hence, a “law” is limited by the fact it described.
1. Law of conservation of matter and energy
2. Law of conservation of mass
3. Law of indefinite proportions
4. The combining weights of an element
5. Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volume
6. Avogadro’s hypothesis
7. Dalton’s atomic theory
8. Dulong’s law
9. Henry’s law
10. Law of chatelier
11. Faraday’s law
12. Mass action law
13. Vant Hoff’s Principles
14. Graham’s law
15. Kinetic Molecular theory for gases

Mixture: is an aggregate of two or more different kinds of substance.
Kinds of Mixtures:
1. heterogeneous mixture- a combination of 2 or more substances, the components of which can be separated by mechanical means.
2. homogeneous- when the component cannot be separated by mechanical means, eg. Salts dissolved in water.

Q.C. 2 OUTLINE

1. TRUE OR FALSE
2. MULTIPLE SELECTION/ MATCHING TYPE( ANSWERS ARE GIVEN FOR YOU TO CHOOSE)
3. Identification
4. Essay:
1. How do you distinguish the color codes for stickers assigned?(5 points)
2. How do you handle the control of raw materials at different stage(reception/quarantine/ rejected/approved?
3. Why is sampling inspection is used in lieu of the 100 % inspection?
4. Why is Standard and Specifications being developed in the manufacturing laboratory?

PChem Pre-mid outline

1. study the groupings of the elements and their corresponding grp. names... for example: grp. O is a noble grp. and the elements that belong to this groups are helium,,,oxygen.... etc.
2. multiple choice/ selection of the introduction to chemistry.
3. double matching type based on enumerated items..
4. modified true or false good
5./ enumeration and identification.
goodluck!

Announcement

To all BS Pharmacy students with subjects enrolled in P'Chem 1 and Q.C. 2
Please be informed that the pre-mid exam is scheduled on wed and thurs based on your schedule..topics discussed and notes are the coverage of the exam. please be guided accordingly. sorry for not on line since we are also bz with our workshop here in dakak... see u. post ut comments on this blog if there are any.

announcement

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY LECTURE NOTES

ATTENTION:3RD YEAR STUDENTS:PLEASE READ AND UNDERSTAND WELL THE NOTES POSTED HERE..THIS COVERS PRE-MID EXAM...
Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
Supplemental Notes
Compiled by: MBTM

Fundamental Principles of Inorganic Chemistry
Matter- anything that occupies space and has weight.
Gases- kinetic theory of gases: gases lack definite shape or volume.
For example:
Gases are compressible and capable of expansibility. Just like the bottle of perfume left in an opened room, through w/c its fragrances can be felt at a distance.
Law of Gases:
Charles or Gay Lussac’s Law- states that the volume occupied by a certain gas is directly proportional to its absolute temp, if the pressure is kept constant:

V1 x T 2= V2 x T1 or V 1 T1
V2 T2
Boyle’s Law- states the volume of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, provided the temperature is kept constant:

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

Charle’s and Boyle’s Law is a combination of the 2 laws above and can be simplified as:

P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2

Molecule = is the smallest particle of a substance that can exist free at ordinary conditions in nature.
Avogadro’s law- equal volumes of gas contained the same number of molecules.
Liquids- the liquid state have larger cohesive force, the greater density, less compressibility. And greater resistance to flow that the gaseous substance passes in the gaseous state.
Kinetic Theory of Liquids: liquids are mobile, i.e they move freely among themselves. The molecular attraction is increased while mobility is diminished upon applying pressure. they can be vaporized by lowering pressure and increasing pressure and increasing temperature. LIQUID ASSUME THE SHAPE OF THE CONTAINER OR THE VESSEL.

Solids – have crystalline form, some amorphous..
Kinetic theory of Solids- the molecules of solid do not move freely among themselves, or the attractive forces exerted by the molecules of solid are regarded as suspension to that of the molecules of liquids and gases. With few exceptions, all solid matters expand when heated.. in solids, either in amorphous or crystalline, it has a fixed melting point and is capable of undergoing sublimation. Meaning it exerts a definite pressure.
The following processes are applied to solids:
1. Sublimation: the process of changing the solid to vapor without passing the liquid state and condensing the vapor back to solid.
2. Melting point: temperature at which a solid is changed to liquid.
3. Freezing Point: Temperature at which a liquid solidifies.
4. Vapor pressure of solids: solids evaporate to a certain extent. The pressure exerted by their vapor is known as the vapor pressure of solids.

ELEMENTS
Symbol- is an abbreviation representing the element.. Ex. H, He, Ne
Symbolic Formula- is a combination of symbols expressing the compound molecule.
Thus, NaCl means one atom of Sodium and one atom of Chlorine, making together one molecule of Sodium Chloride.
Nomenclature- means the naming of a compound of elements based upon the Geneva Congress’s system, and the names maybe derived from the discoverer or place of discoverers, and either given in Latin or German titles.

Classification of Elements:
A. Metals- Possess characteristic metallic luster, are good conductor of heat and electricity, malleable, and ductile.
Classification of Metals: they are classified according to their chemical reactions as follows: the most common are:
a. Alkali metal- Li, Na, K, Cs, NH4. – univalent and form strong bases that are soluble in water.
b. Alkaline earth metals- Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra- bivalent and form strong bases that are soluble in water.
c. Weak bases- all monovalent respectively, Cu, Ag, and Au.
d. Stable bases- except Hg, which forms monovalent compounds, all are bivalent, the hydroxides are stable bases.
e. Amphoteric hydroxides-p Sn, Pb, and Ti family. Quadrivalent, also act as bivalent.
Occurrence of metals in nature: free or combined form as ores.
*Native metals: free are; Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, bi, As and Sb.
*Minerals: Ores are:
1. Oxides of Fe, Sn, Cu, Al
2. Sulfides of Ni, Cu, Sb, Pb, Cd, Zn, Co
3. Carbonates of Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn. Mg, Si, and Ca
4. Sulfate of Pb, Ba, Sr, and Ca.
Metallurgy- Science that deal with the methods of extracting the metal from their ores.
Principles involved in the metallurgy of any metal consists in spreading the ore from useless foreign material ( rocks, sand, clays, limestone) groups, with which it is associated in nature. The resulting product is then subjected to one of the FOLLOWING PROCESSES, DEPENDING UPON THE COMPOSITION OF THE ORE.
1. Segregation of the ore form the gangue: the native metals are separated from the matrix by heating it with a flux , the chemical nature of which is opposite of that of the gangue, and which combines with the matrix to form fusible clay, which separates from the molten metal. Thus, silicious gangue requires fusible silicate slag. The addition of CaCO3 to the metals therefore is necessary.
2. Roasting: the ore are converted into oxides and oxides are reduced by heating with C or finely powdered Al
3. Reduction: the carbonates are heated to drive out CO2, and the oxide
is reduced. The sulfides are roasted to remove the sulfur and convert the mineral into an oxide which is then reduced.
4. Refining or Purification: metals not easily reduced are obtained by
Electrolysis, whereby the pure metal is produced, or purification may be done by remelting the metal together with an appropriate slag, leaving behind the pure state.
Properties of Metal: metals form oxides, which form salts by direct combination
With non-metallic oxides and acids. They unite directly with the halogen forming
Halide. They form positive ions.
5. Alloys: materials composed of 2 or more metals intimately mixed
Together.
6. Amalgams: are alloys of mercury with any metals.

B. Non-Metals: their properties show opposite characteristic than that of metal. Ex. C, S, O, H. N. P, or generally those which are capable of forming the negative ions.
C. Metalloids: characteristic properties of which are midway that of metals and non-metals, or generally those which don’t show metallic physical properties, but chemically behave as metal.
Ex. Silicon
D. Isotopes they are atoms of the same atomic number but different atomic weights or mass number ..elemental forms that are chemically identical, but have different types of
Nuclei.
E. Isobars: atoms of the same mass number but different atomic number.
F. Isotones: atoms of different elements but have the same number of neutrons.

Radioactivity:
Elements emit the invisible rays or radio actions which travel in straight lines, as does ordinary light. The emission of these rays , alpha and beta rays, from the nucleus of the atoms of a radioactive element gives rise to the formation of other elements.
Alpha Rays: known as alpha particle, consist of Helium atoms which carry two(2) positive electrical charges.(C.T. Wilson succeeded in making photographs of the trade of the alpha particles by making them pass thru an atmosphere saturated with water.. As the particle moves they ionize the air with water. Velocities ranging as high as 17,000 Km per second .
Beta Rays: second kind of rays emitted from the atomic nuclei of radio active elements, consist of electrons moving in straight lines, which possess velocities ranging from 25,000 to 300, 000 kilometers per second,they are identical with the cathode and most much greater velocities.
Gamma Rays: produced by radioactive substances, corresponding to the x-rays, but the wavelength is shorter and their frequency is greater than that of the x-ray. The Gamma rays are produced as a result of bombardment of the radioactive atoms by the beta particles. for this reason everytime gamma rays are produced and have least ionizing power of all the 3 rays.
The three(3) rays have the ability to pass through matter. The order of their relative penetrating power is the reverse of their ionizing power . Gamma rays have the greater penetrating power, Beta rays are from 1 to 10 % as penetrating as gamma rays, but are about 100 times more penetrating than alpha rays.
The rays cause physiological effects, the beta and the gamma rays produce the greatest effects. They produced beneficial effects if certain skin diseases are exposed for a short period of time to their action. In the case of over exposure, however, painful ulcers attributed to the effect of Beta Rays develop. The penetrating gamma rays are considered mainly responsible for the curative property of radium salts in the treatment of cancer. The alpha rays have very little effect, because of the low penetrating power. Germ cells exposed to the rays are killed or at least have their development retarded, although growth of plants is stimulated by short exposure to the rays.

Ten (10 ) Most Abundant Elements in the Universe
1. Hydrogen 6. Carbon
2. Helium 7. Silicon
3. Oxygen 8. Magnesium
4. Neon 9. Iron
5. Nitrogen 10.Sulfur
Three (3) Most Abundant Element in the Universe
1. Hydrogen
2. Helium
3. Oxygen
Three ( 3) Most Abundant Element in the Earth Crust
1. Oxygen
2. Silicon
3. Aluminum
The Most Abundant of the Metals, 3rd most abundant element on Earth Crust
1. Aluminum
First Element Produced Artificially: Technetium
Element present in insulin: Zinc
Element common to all acid: Hydrogen
A true metal that causes minamata poisoning: Mercury
Metal contaminated in drinking water believed to be the caused of itai-itai disease in Japan: Cadmium
Relatively abundant element that is chemically active in Research involving
Photosynthesis: Magnesium
Laughing Gas: Nitrous oxide
Component of Hard water: Magnesium and Calcium
Densiest element in the Periodic table: Osmium
Acid found in the stomach: HCl
Heavy Water: D2O
Artificial Air: 20% Oxygen, and 80 % Helium
Discovered Oxygen : Scheele
Most active of metallic elements, alkali metal group, soluble group
St. Elmo’s Fire: Phosphorus
An adsorbent in the treatment of diarrhea, widely distributed in nature both in
Free and combined state.: Carbon
Halogen used as a common water disinfectant: Chloride
Groupings of Elements:
Group O - Noble (inert) gases… He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Group I-A- Alkali metals… H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Group II-A- Alkaline Earth… Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Group III- A Boron Family… B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
Group IV –A Carbon family…C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
Group V-A- Nitrogen group… N, P, As, Sb,Bi
Group VI-A Chalcogen group… O, S,.Se, Te, Po
Group VII-A Halogens… F,Cl, Br, I, At
Group I-B Coinage elements… Cu, Ag, Au
Group II-B…. Volatile elements…. Zn, Cd, Hg
Group III-B ………Sc, Y
Group IV-B ………Ti, Zr, Hf
Group V-B ………V, Nb, Ta
Group VI-B ………Cr, Mo, W
Group VII-B ………Mn, Tc, Re
Group VIII-B ……… Fe, Co, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir, Ni, Palladium, Platinum
Take note starting from group III-B and ending at group II-B is the transition element. The inner transition elements are the lanthanides and actinide series

Introduction to Qualitative Analysis

Identifying Anions and Cations
Related Resources
• Analytical Chemistry• Chemistry Glossary• General Chemistry• Inorganic Chemistry• Periodic Table

Qualitative analysis is used to separate and detect cations and anions in a sample substance. In an educational setting, it is generally true that the concentrations of the ions to be identified are all approximately 0.01 M in an aqueous solution. The 'semimicro' level of qualitative analysis employs methods used to detect 1-2 mg of an ion in 5 mL of solution.
First, ions are removed in groups from the initial aqueous solution. After each group has been separated, then testing is conducted for the individual ions in each group. Here is a common grouping of cations:
Group I: Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+
Precipitated in 1 M HCl
Group II: Bi3+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, (Pb2+), Sb3+ and Sb5+, Sn2+ and Sn4+
Precipitated in 0.1 M H2S solution at pH 0.5
Group III: Al3+, (Cd2+), Co2+, Cr3+, Fe2+ and Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+
Precipitated in 0.1 M H2S solution at pH 9
Group IV: Ba2+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, NH4+
Ba2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are precipitated in 0.2 M (NH4)2CO3 solution at pH 10; the other ions are soluble
Many reagents are used in qualitative analysis, but only a few are involved in nearly every group procedure. The four most commonly used reagents are 6M HCl, 6M HNO3, 6M NaOH, 6M NH3. Understanding the uses of the reagents is helpful when planning an analysis.
Common Qualitative Analysis Reagents
Reagent Effects
6M HCl Increases [H+]Increases [Cl-]Decreases [OH-]Dissolves insoluble carbonates, chromates, hydroxides, some sulfatesDestroys hydroxo and NH3 complexesPrecipitates insoluble chlorides
6M HNO3 Increases [H+]Decreases [OH-]Dissolves insoluble carbonates, chromates, and hydroxidesDissolves insoluble sulfides by oxidizing sulfide ionDestroys hydroxo and ammonia complexesGood oxidizing agent when hot
6 M NaOH Increases [OH-]Decreases [H+]Forms hydroxo complexesPrecipitates insoluble hydroxides
6M NH3 Increases [NH3]Increases [OH-]Decreases [H+]Precipitates insoluble hydroxidesForms NH3 complexesForms a basic buffer with NH4+
Among the most common reactions in qualitative analysis are those involving the formation or decomposition of complex ions and precipitation reactions. These reactions may be performed directly by adding the appropriate anion, or a reagent such as H2S or NH3 may dissociate in water to furnish the anion. Strong acid may be used to dissolve precipitates containing a basic anion. Ammonia or sodium hydroxide may be used to bring a solid into solution if the cation in the precipitate forms a stable complex with NH3 or OH-.
Complexes of Cations with NH3 and OH-
Cation NH3 Complex OH- Complex
Ag+ Ag(NH3)2+ --
Al3+ --Al(OH)4-
Cd2+ Cd(NH3)42+ --
Cu2+ Cu(NH3)42+ (blue) --
Ni2+ Ni(NH3)62+ (blue) --
Pb2+ -- Pb(OH)3-
Sb3+ -- Sb(OH)4-
Sn4+ -- Sn(OH)62-
Zn2+ Zn(NH3)42+ Zn(OH)42-
A cation is usually present as a single principal species, which may be a complex ion, free ion, or precipitate. If the reaction goes to completion the principal species is a complex ion. The precipitate is the principal species if most of the precipitate remains undissolved. If a cation forms a stable complex, addition of a complexing agent at 1 M or greater generally will convert the free ion to complex ion.
The dissociation constant Kd can be used to determine the extent to which a cation is converted to a complex ion. The solubility product constant Ksp can be used to determine the fraction of cation remaining in a solution after precipitation. Kd and Ksp are both required to calculate the equilibrium constant for dissolving a precipitate in a complexing agent.

RTW notes

RESEARCH AND THESIS WRITNG
COMPILED BY: MBTM
This manual is a step by step approach to the process of preparing and completing the thesis laid down here to make the undertaking simple and easy to handle and pleasant to engage in. The subject chosen must be in the student’s major field. Therefore, the thesis is not only an achievement in itself when completed but is also a proof of the student’s mastery of the subject.

To the students, who are at a loss on the intricacies of presenting their subject matter in a thesis, here are the guide- post that will show them how to turn this activity into a pleasant accomplishment.
A word of caution is necessary before we go further. Remember that each institution of learning has its own distinct requirements for undergraduate, graduate thesis. These requirements, must be met to gain the approval of the thesis adviser and of the Thesis Committee, headed by the Chairman of the Panelist.
It is hoped that through this manual, students may avail of the guidelines on how to write a thesis.
Undergraduate thesis is a requirement in Pharmacy curriculum and in other courses. Students select their subjects for thesis based on their major interests. then they
May fulfill the writing requirements without the pressures and arbitrary limitations of time which characterized much of their course works.
What is a Thesis?
The word thesis means two(2) different things. First, it is defined as a hypothesis, as a position or proposition which is advanced and maintained, therefore, a thesis is a tentative solution to a problem. Second, a thesis is defined as a formal essay whose function is to convey a logical argument upholding a specific point of view, particularly, a solution to a problem.like the hypothesis it supports, the argument conveyed must be a product of the writer’s own mind and be based on his original inquiry and research. Research is an instrument and procedure in order to make an accurate solution of a problem or an issue.
A thesis is the written product of the systematic study of a significant problem.

Four (4) Stages in Conducting a Research:
A.Choosing the Research Problem. The research problem has to be resolved.
1. researcher may consider the following common tips when selecting a research problem:
* Novelty or Originality
* Practicality of the Problem
* Ito comnterest of the Researcher on the Topic/ Problem
* Availability of data
* Special qualification of the researcher
* Required time to complete research
* Financial requirements
2. Procedure on how to select a problem
* Analyze what is known, including the historical record
* look for gaps or deficiencies in discussion
* watch for incongruities and contradictions, the points of controversy and the untested conclusions
* follow clues and suggestions obtained from readings, conferences, and thinking
3. Possible sources of Problems
* actual problem encountered
* academic related experience
* area of specialization
* recommendations of other researchers.
* the unit of analysis chosen
* the time frame
4. Characteristic of a Good Problem
* the topic should be of great interest to you.
* it should be useful for the concerned people in a particular field
* it should be novel
* it should lend itself to complex designing
* it should be completed in the alloted time desired
* it should not carry ethical or moral impediments
* it should not encroached /trespass/invade into the privacy of others or putting anybody, any group or any institutions or agency to bad light.

B. Stating the hypothesis:
It is a tentative solution to a problem, since data are not yet available, that has to be proven statistically.

C. Formulating Research Design ( refer to chapter 3 for the types of research designs)
D. Data Collection
The questionnaire is the most commonly used instrument in gathering data. it is simply a set of questions that will supply the necessary information to complete a research study when answered properly by a required number of properly selected respondents.
***Advantages of using the questionnaire:
1. It is easy to construct
2. Distribution is easy and inexpensive
3. Responses are easily tabulated
4. The respondent's replies are are of his own free will
5. Confidential information may be given freely
6. The respondents has enough time to think reflectively of his replies.
7. The respondent can accomplish the questionnaire anywhere at any time at his own convenience
*** Disadvantages of using the questionnaire:
1. The questionnaire cannot be used with those who cannot read nor write
2 Considerable follow ups are necessary
3. Responses cannot be corrected once whenever an error is detected.
4. Some questions may remain unanswered
5. The number of choices may be so limited
Types of Questionnaire:
1. Open Questionnaire- is a type of a questionnaire wherein questions are asked in such a way that the respondent may explain his answers in his own words, style and convenience.
2. Closed Questionnaire- refers to a type of questionnaire where answers are to be chosen from list of answers provided by the researcher.

Advantage of the Interview:
1. It yields more complete and valid information
2. The interviewer can always clarify points which are vague
3. Only the interviewee can make his directly reply to the interviewer
4. There is flexibility
Disadvantages of the Interview:
1. Respondents are hard to contact
2. It is expensive
3. Responses may be in accurate if interviewee has not time to verify records
4. Interviewers may influence interviewees answers
Types/ Classes of Interviews:
1. Standardized Interview
In this type of interview, the interviewer is not allowed to change the specific wordings of the questions in the interview schedule.
2. Non-standardized Interview
The interviewer has complete freedom to develop each interview in the most appropriate manner for each situation
3. Semi-standardized Interview.
The interviewer is required to ask a number of specific major questions, and beyond these he is free to probe as he chooses.
4. Focused Interview
This is also called depth interview. This is similar to the non standardized interview in which no required questions should be asked by the interviewer.
5. Non-directive Interview
this type of interview, the interviee or subject is allowed and even encouraged to express his feelings without fear of disapproval.

Types of Interview Instrument:
1. Interview Schedule
It is the same as questionnaire. the difference between an interview schedule and a questionnaire is that in the former, the question is read to the respondent for him to answer and the interviewer writes his reply. while in the questionnaire, the respondents himself reads and fills out the questionnaire alone without the aid of the researcher.
2. Interview Guide
The interview guide does not go into details but it only provides ideas and allows the interviewer to freely pursue relevant topics in depth.

Some Pointers in conducting Interview:
1. Planning step
2. Selecting the place for interview
3. Establishing Rapport
4. Carrying out the interview

Tips in Constructing a Questionnaire
1. Perform a library Research
2. Talk to Knowledgeable People
3. Mastering the guidelines
4. Writing the Questionnaire
5. Editing the Questionnaire
6. Reviewing the Questionnaire
7. Pre-testing the Questionnaire
8. Writing the questionnaire in its final form
The interview is another form of data gathering technique commonly used by the researcher. it is defined as a purposeful face to face relationship between two persons, one of whom called the interviewer who asks questions to gather information and the other called the interviewee or respondent who supplies the information asked for.

Feasibility of the Study:
The study must answer the following questions:
1. Has the researcher access to the data/ sources/ references he needed?
2. Does this study merit financial assistance? If yes, is the assistance available?
3. Will this study elicit the cooperation and support of agencies?
The thesis has a fairly standardized format. It is organized into three(3) sections:
1. Preliminary mater ( includes title, approval pages, abstract, dedication if desired,, acknowlegment, the table of contents, list of tables, list of figures( if figures appear in paper), other list ( nomenclature, definitions, preface..
However, not every thesis will include all these elements
Preliminary pages are paginated separately from the rest of the text. Use lower-case Roman numerals at the bottom of these pages. Beginning numbering with the abstract, page iii.
The title page and approval page are counted but not paginated. Continue using the lower- case Roman numerals up to the first page of the text.( page 1 of chapter I or the Introduction).
2. Text ( Introduction and Chapters).
3. Back Matters ( Include notes, references or bibliography, appendixes, and Biographical sketch)
The different parts of the format is explained briefly as follows:

RESEARCH TITLE
This is the distinctive name given to the research proposal that describes the work in specific, clear and concise terms. It should contain the independent and the dependent variables. The principal words in the title should not exceed 25. This is written in an inverted pyramid. It should reflect the main purpose of the proposed study. Non-standard or not widely used acronyms and abbreviation should be spelled out.

TITLE PAGE
This is placed after the cover page that contains the complete research title. Description of the requirement, names of the college, institution, professor and researcher/s.
Proper spacing and arrangement are clearly indicated on the sample.
1. margins: left 1 ½; top, right, and bottom 1”
2. typeface and size: consistent with text
3. no underlining, or italics ( exception : names of species, genera, or book titles may be underlined or italicized)
4. title length: 25 words or fewer the better( 1o05 characters or fewer)
5. no abbreviation or chemical symbols in title
6. date: month and year of graduation
7. page number: no page number appears ( although title page is counted as page i)
Abstract. Your abstract should be a brief descriptive summary of the thesis. It should include a brief statement of the subject of your study. Try to read number of abstracts in your field, and you will come to recognize the qualities of a good abstract and learn what to avoid. should be not more that 600 words. Do not write in the first person such as “I” and “WE”.
Approval Page. The approval page, as shown in the sample. Provides space for the signatures of the Thesis Committee, Adviser, Chairperson, Panel of Oral Examiners. Graduate school dean. Same arrangement and style as on title page. Exact date of the oral defense passed. All type written names should be with the corresponding degrees. No page number appears. ( although the Approval Page is counted as page ii).
Dedication. The dedication is usually optional.
List of tables and list of figures. Only those theses which use tables and figures require these list. The list of tables precedes the list of figures. Make entries for every table title and figure caption. Numbers consecutively from the last page of the table of contents, centering between the proper margins the Roman numerals 1” from the bottom of the page.

Text Requirements:
Your adviser will review your manuscript for typographical and grammatical errors. If chronic problems are apparent, He/She will recommend the help of an English editor. However, it is your adviser who will advice about the design of your paper, a particularly on the writing style, content and arrangement of tables, and the need for figures or photographs.
Every page of your paper must meet the requirements 1- ½” on the left and 1” at the top, right, and bottom. The extra half –inch in the left margin will be taken up by the binding.
The text, headings, lists, tables, and figures of your paper will appear off-center on the printed page, but will automatically be centered between the proper margins. Once bound, the margins will appear equal and the material centered properly.
Placement of Tables and Figures. Placing tables and figure near the text that refers to them is more useful to your reader than grouping them at the end of the paper. The reader can easily determine the relevance of the table or figure, which reinforces or substantiate the text. Tables and figures may appear on the same page as text. Also a photograph(plate) or figure should be preceded or followed by text. Otherwise , they may appear on a separate page following the text which refers to them. Table titles must always appear with the table, usually above the table. Large figure sometimes leave little room for the caption. When this happens, the caption may appear on the facing page.
All pages of the text must meet the same margin requirements, including pages on which tables and figures appear. Font size 12, Arial type all throughout the text.
Pagination:
Your text begins with the first page of Chapter I. This page is counted as page 1, but not numbered. No page number appears on the first page of each chapter, the first page of the reference list or bibliography, and the title pages of the appendixes. The text is numbered with Arabic numerals placed in the upper right- hand corner, 1” from the top edge of the page. Begin numbering with page 2. the text begins two spaces below the page number.
Page number appear in upper right-hand corner 1” from top and 1” from right.

Back Matter Requirements:
This consists of the bibliography, appendixes,and the bibliographical sketch( optional). The back matter is paginated consecutively from the last page of the text.
The back matter, including appendixes, must meet the same requirements as the rest of the paper.



TABLE OF CONTENTS
The table of contents introduces the reader to your text, indicating its contents, organization, and progression. It precedes all the sections it lists. As such, it is the key to your paper that should make access easy, but should not overwhelm the reader with a detailed index of the contents. It contains all the parts of the chapters with corresponding page numbers. Length, may run to several pages. Do not type ‘”continued” at the bottom of second and subsequent pages.. number consecutively from the acknowledgments, centering between the proper margins the Roman numerals 1” from the bottom of the page.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Before this is also optional , although most theses include a brief paragraph acknowledging the contributions or the researcher expresses his / her gratitude or words of appreciation to some special/ important individuals who assist him/ her in the completion of the research. Paginate consecutively from the last page of the abstract or the Dedication, centering between the proper margins the Roman numeral 1 “ from the bottom of the page..

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
* Background of the Study
This part indicates explanations of the research issue and background information. It discusses the factors that lead to the conceptualization of the problem. The reason/s of the research in conducting the research should be indicated in this part. It indicates the local national or even global problems.
* Theoretical Framework
This part gives the discussion of the theories and models that provide the conceptual bases of the study or the legitimate basis for defining its parameters. The review of the related literature may be discussed here to show how this proposed research study is related to the previous studies.
*Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework consists of the investigator’s own position on a problem after his exposure to various theories that have bearing on a problem. It is the researcher’s new model which has its roots on the previous models that the researcher has read. It provides explicit explanation through a model why the problem ,
It is simple an educated guess or hunch that can be supported by theory and previous research. It is defined as a wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts covered by the study. It serves as a guide to the investigator on what to do and how to go about finding the solutions to the problems. It is characterized as testable, logical, directly related to the research problem, presents a single unit or subset of the problem, factually and theoretically based, states a relationship between variables and sets limits of the study.
*Significance of the Study
The study should be timely and relevant. Also, it must contribute fruitfully to national development, particularly on the economic, cultural, social and/ or intellectual life of the people. This deals with the beneficiaries of the research. In this section, the writer expresses the value or importance of the research study. It is where the significant contributions of the results of the study are enumerated. The beneficiaries will gain from its results or findings such as improvement of policies and practices, contribution to the particular field of study in terms of knowledge and new technology and serves as a guide in decision making.
*Scope and Delimitation, Limitation
It refers to the scope or inclusive frame of reference as well as its limits of the study. It indicates the place where the date are gathered or the entity to which the data belong. It is the population or universe from which the respondents are selected. This should be large enough to make the generalization significant. In brief and concise form, the scope of the investigation defines where and when the study is conducted and who the subjects are. The scope sets the delimitation and establishes boundaries of the study. Delimitations are boundaries beyond which is the study is not concerned.
*Definition of Terms
The terms, words or phrases that have special meanings in the study are defined in this part. The terms should be defined operationally or conceptually and that is how they are used in the study. The researcher may develop his/ her own definition from the characteristics of the terms defined. The definitions may be taken from encyclopedia, book, magazine, journal, dictionary, newspaper article and other publications but He/She must acknowledge the source/s. Definitions should be clear and brief. Acronyms should be spelled out fully especially if it is not known or it is used for the first time.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
It is an essential step or chapter in the research process because it gives the investigator a complete understanding on the way he can design and carry out his research study more effectively. It is composed of the discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related. This chapter has two(2) parts:
*Related Literature:
It consists of articles or information taken from any reading material written by authorities giving their opinions, experiences, theories or ideas of what is desirable or undesirable within the problem area.
*Related Studies:
This part refers to the published reports of actual research studies done previously which are relative to the researcher/s study.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A> Research Design/ Method
It is the scheme or a plan of action meeting the objectives of the study. A number of research designs have been developed by the researchers. Each design has its own applicability depending on the problems and objectives of the study, and several factors like the investigator’s capability, resources and time. From the available research designs, the researcher is to select that which is appropriate and effective in attaining his goal. The appropriateness of a research design depends largely on what method will help the investigator to attain his study goals.
The types of Research Designs are:
1 Historical Design. It is the critical investigation of events, development and experience of the past. Its goal is to know the whole truth about the past so that He/She will not understand the present but know what to do in the present and futures situations. or this is designed to interpret the signs of the past time in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects or trends of those events which may help to explain present and anticipate future events.
2 Descriptive Design. It the best design to be used because it aims to describe the nature of the situation as it exist at the time of the study and to explore the causes of a particular phenomenon.this design involves the description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of conditions that now exist. it often involves some type of comparison or contrast and may attempt to discover a cause-effect relationship that exists between non-manipulated variables.
3 Experimental Design. The only method which can truly test hypothesis concerning the cause and effect relationship.this is a design that describe what will be when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated. the focus is on the cause-effect relationship.
4 Research Survey- this survey is an organized attempt to analyze, interpret, and report the present status of a social institution, group or area.
5 Case Study Research- the case study is a complete analysis and report of the status of an individual subject with respect, as a rule to specific phases of his total personality.
6 Field Research- it is a research type conducted in a realistic situation in which one or more independent variables are manipulated by the experimented under carefully controlled conditions as the situation will permit.
C> Sampling Size
In determining the sample size, some researchers who have no idea of a scientific way of determining the size of a sample adequate for a given population arbitrarily decide in terms of percentage. Sampling is a process of choosing a representative portion of a population. Some of the researchers would say that 50 % of the population would be enough sample size. Others would choose a proportion either lesser or greater that half of the population under investigation. Asked about their basis, their answers all boil down to subjective decision. Subjected to a statistical measure in determining adequate sample size, the sample size they arrived at is inadequate or is much more than what is needed, resulting in an necessary added cost, time and effort. To avoid the problem, the researchers may use sampling formula like the Slovin’s formula or the Lynch and other formula.
D> Sampling Design
Sampling is the process which involves taking part of the population, making observations on this representative groups, and then generalizing the findings to the bigger population.
The research study uses a certain design. Sampling design has two(2) classifications:
1. Probability or Random Sampling Design
Each unit of the population has known probability of being selected or included in the sample. This type of sampling makes possible the selection of sample representative of the population under investigation. The best way to ensure this design is to make sure that there is no bias enters the selection process. That the researcher or other factor cannot consciously or unconsciously influence who gets chosen to be in the sample.
* Simple Random
It is the best known and most commonly used probability sampling. the two methods are lottery and table of random sampling.A simple random is one in which each and every member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected. If the sample is large one, it is the best way yet devised by human beings to obtain a sample that is representative of the population from which it has been selected.
* Stratified Sampling
It is a process of selecting of samples from the different classes or strata of the population involved in the research. Each class is treated as a different population.
* Cluster Sampling
This sampling technique involves the selection of the samples in a group and is usually applied on a geographical basis in a heterogonous population. members of the sample are selected in cluster rather that in using separate indviduals. it is atype of sampling in which groups not individuals are randomly selected.
* Systematic Sampling with a random start. it is a strategy for selecting the members of the sample that allows only a chance and a system to determine the membership in the sample. a system is a planned strategy for selecting members after a starting point is selected at random, such as every fifth subject, every tenth subject, etc.
2. Non-Probability or Non-Random Sampling Design
Each unit of the population will be selected is not known, nor is there any assurance that every unit has a chance of being selected; some in fact, have no chance to be chosen. it is one where not all elements in the population frame have an equal change of being selected.
*
* Purposive Sampling/ Deliberate( Judgment) sampling
The respondents are selected based on the judgment of who best qualify the objectives of the research./ the researcher selects a particular group based on certain criteria .
* Quota Sampling
This method involves the taking of the desired number of respondents with the required characteristics proportionate to the population under study.This is often times used for infinite population and therefore the researcher cannot get a random sample form such a big population.
*Accidental or Covenience sampling
This technique involves the conduct of the study wherein respondents are selected based on the convenience of the researcher.this is a sampling strategy based on the convenience of the researcher. this strategy allows the use of any available group of the research activities. two of these are snowballing and network sampling.
E> Subjects of the Study or Respondents of the Study
The respondents are the individuals who respond and who answer various questions
F > Research Instrument
These are some researches instruments can be used in the research such as questionnaires or interview. The instrument used to collect data is a questionnaire. This is used because it gathers data faster than any other method. In the development of the questionnaire, the researcher may read study some samples of questionnaires from related studies then he may prepare a questionnaire for his study. He may also consult some knowledgeable people about how to prepare it. After formulating the questionnaire, he should submit it to a panel of evaluators who are experts in the field.
G> Validity and Reliability of the Test
In research, the concept of validity and reliability refers specifically to the measurement of data. This is used to answer the research questions. In most cases, the instrument that measures for variables is the central issue in determining the variability and reliability of data. Specifically reliability means the degree of consistency and accuracy with which an instrument measures a variable, while validity refers to the extent to which an instrument measures what it is designed to measure.
H> Data Gathering Procedure or Research Procedure
The process by which the researcher requires subjects and collects the information needed to answer the research problem is referred to data collection. In collecting the data, the researcher must decide which data to collect, how to collect the data, when to collect and who will collect the data.
CHAPTER 1V
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter answers the statement of the problem and arrange according to the flow in chapter III. This is the chapter result.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS
Summarizes what has transpired during the study, concludes the findings and recommends to the readers what is to be done for future study
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Your comprehensive list of references may be called “work cited”, references, or bibliography, but certain requirements apply to the list of references no matter what it is called. This gives the listing of books according to some systems or reference plan like author, subject or date. It gives the list of works of a specific author or publisher. It is a list of writings relating to a given subject in preparing a particular work.
NOTE:
The researcher should use:
1. Arial type
2. 12 font size
3. double space between sentences and three (3) spaces between titles, sub titles, paragraphs and from one paragraph to another paragraph
4. consistent in size and styles from beginning to last page.

RTW course syylabus

A Syllabus for the Proposed Pharmacy Curriculum SY 2005-2006

Course Title : Research and Thesis Writing 1 & 2
Course Number :
Credit Units : 1st Semester - Research & Thesis Writing 1: 3 units (1units lecture, 2 unit laboratory)2nd Semester - Research & Thesis Writing 2: 2 units (1units laboratory)
Course Description : This course deals with the specific problem related to pharmaceutical sciences that would be worthwhile to investigate during the laboratory work. It will comprise actual pharmaceutical and pharmacologic principles and animal testing which will be conducted inside the laboratory. It also includes the thesis writing after experimental results are completed.
Prerequisite(s) : Senior standing
General Objectives : At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. Relate the purpose(s) of choosing the problem for search.
2. Discuss the steps of the procedure for the investigation.
3. Present, organize, analyze and interpret the data collected and write scientifically.
4. Begin an independent study using logical thinking and scientific methods.
5. Gather new knowledge or data from primary or first-hand sources and not merely restate or reorganize what is already known or has been written.
6. Perform successfully the experimental procedures in the laboratory portion of the subject.
7. Present and defend a written output of the research.

Course Outline :
Specific Objectives Topics Time Allotted Teaching Strategies Evaluation Tool
First Semester
1. Recall the principles of research methods and thesis writing.
2. Propose a research problem
Unit 1 – Introduction to Research and Thesis Writing
A. Orientation to the course objectives and content
B. Form and Style
C. The research problem Laboratory
a. Research and referencing 10 hrs + 6 hrs lab Individual or group research on problems/topics chosen as reported in class Quality of topic chosen and reporting in class Submission of research proposal reports
Specific Objectives Topics Time Allotted Teaching Strategies Evaluation Tool
1. To involve students in extensive literature survey using local and international research papers.
2. Evaluate the different types of literature needed in the study
3. Familiarize on bibliography formats and catalogue
1. Identify the different types of sampling
2. Select appropriate statistical tools and formula
3. State the different types of research methodology
4. Defend the research proposal
Second Semester
1. Perform needed experimental procedure for laboratory testing and product formulation or conduct surveys
2. Analyze, present and evaluate data obtained from the experiment, surveys and questionnaire
1. Defend the research and do the necessary corrections and recommendations
2. Submit the final manuscript
Unit 2 – Review of Related Literature
A. Types of Literature
B. Bibliography and CataloguingLaboratory
a. Research and referencing
b. Informatics
Unit 3 – Review of Basic Statistics and Research Methodology
A. Sampling
B. Statistical formulas
C. Statistical tools
D. Types of research methodology
Laboratory
a. Finalization of the research
b. Proposal defense
Unit 4 – Laboratory, Checking / Monitoring of the laboratory work until completion of the Thesis
Unit 5 - Thesis Writing and Preparation of the Final Manuscript and Oral Defense as scheduled 10 hrs + 6 hrs lab8 hrs + 21 hrs lab18 hrs + 27 hrs lab80 hrs 28 hrs Class participation in giving comments, remarks and/or suggestions on reports Lecture Power Point Presentation, Information Communication Technology (ICT)Integration Assigned readings, Class group discussions Final oral examination/defense of the thesis, submission of the bound form of the approved manuscript Written Examination and Oral defense of the research proposal.Oral defense of the thesis problem Completeness and neatness of the bound thesis submitted

References : Books on Medicinal Plants authored by E. Quisumbing, de Padua and other published new books, both local and foreign sources Philippine Formulary USP/NF, latest edition Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest editionChemical Formulary of Formulations Pharmacognosy books and manuals Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry books authored by Jenkin’s etal Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems by Howard AnselBooks on Chemical Investigation of Plants, authored by L. Rosenthaler Journals and Magazines on Plants or Herbal Medicines