Objectives: at the end of the semester, the students should be able to comprehend and answer the following Questions:
1. define toxicology
2. classification of poisons, define each.
3. three kinds of antidote,explain each.
4. evidences of poisoning, explain briefly.
5. steps in the general treatment of poisoning
6. how can a poison be considered a poison
7. what portion of human organ should be collected for toxicologial analysis and how would you keep the simple reference for safeguarding for the result of detection?
8. discuss the localization and elimination of poisons
9. what is a poison?
10. differentiate between toxicological analysis and chemical analysis
11. state the principal duties of the pharmacist when they perform toxicological analysis and what shall be the probable question that might be asked?
12. how many ways maybe a poison be taken in the body?
13. what should be done in poisoning when the nature of the poison is unknown?
14. in what kind of poisoning should emetic be given?
15. give the general course for the treatment in case of poisoning:
16. give the properties, symptoms and treatment of the following:
a. phosphorus
b. picrotoxin
c. phenacetin
d. salol
e. strychnine
f. picric acid
17. give the quantitative composition of the millon’s reagent
18. describe the delicate test for carbolic acid and how would you detect phenols in the presence of urine.
19. in what kind of poisoning should the following be avoided?
a. emetics
b. fats and oils
c. milk
20.define alkaloids and name the toxic animals tissues that resembles them.
21.alkaloids of the following types:
a. properties and composition
b. occurrence
22. alkaloids and its derivatives and examples of each
23. a girl is suspected for taking an overdose of phenacetin, how would you test the presence of it.
24. poisoning by what drugs or chemicals would be indicated by the following:
25. describe the following test
a. copper test for mercury
b. Prussian blue test
26. give the official name and synonyms of the metallic poison, their medicinal use, toxic effect, derivatives and it’s salt:
a. arsenic trioxide
b. solution of potassium arsenide
c.antimony potassium tartrate
d. chromium trioxide
e. zinc and its salts
f. bismuth and its compounds
g. barium and its compounds
h. mercury and its compounds
i. lead and its compounds
j. copper and its compounds
k. iron and its salts
l. silver and its salts
m. iodine and its salts
n. bromide and its salts
27. what are the ptomaines and give its toxicological properties. What precaution should be taken in investigation?
28. if a medical practitioner prescribe a poison, what is the obligation of the pharmacist?
29. give two identification test for blood
30. give two antidote for mineral acid poisoning
31. name a poison acting directly upon the stomach and give the treatment.
32. name many household poisons
33.should oil be used in phosphorus poisoning? What is the treatment?
34. name a poison which uniformly causes blindness or permanent blindness
35. what does the law required the pharmacist when getting the carbolic acid?
36. what is meant by circumstantial, symptomatic, chemical and post mortem evidence? What is reliable?
37. should water be used in poisoning by an acid or by oil of vitriol?
38.what signs and symptoms would indicate poisoning of sulfuric acid?
39. state what emergency treatment should be employed and explain regarding the use of emetics, sodium bicarbonate and much water?
40. when is artificial respiratory perform?
41. what are the different signs portrait by death?
42.describe the condition of the stomach if large quantities of undiluted carbolic acid has been swallowed? Is the corrosion superficial or deep?
43. explain briefly the relevance of studying clinical toxicology and how can you contribute to the public?
44. comments/ suggestions to the teacher handling the subject, school in general.
Wednesday, August 5, 2009
Department of Pharmacy
CRITERIA FOR GRADING
THESIS PROPOSAL
Title of the Study:__________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Proponents: 1._______________________________________
2.__________________________________
3.__________________________________
4.__________________________________
CRITERIA RATING OBTAINED
Chapter I-
Title is clear & concise
Study clearly states the scope/
Limitation/delimitation
The problem is relevant to the Present condition
Logicality of the problem
Theoretical framework supports the
Present study ( if there is)
Conceptual framework illustrates the flow of
study-relationships of variables defined( if there is)
Terms are clearly defined
25 % _________
Chapter II
Related literature/ studies are adequate
& relevant
Presentation of the literature/ studies are
Coherent and correlates to each other
20 % _________
Chapter III
Design of the study matches with the
Current investigation
Respondents /samples are defined
Setting is clearly mentioned/ described
Sampling procedure is specific
Statistical treatment appropriate to the study
Appropriateness of methodology
Flow of Data gathering procedure is
Systematic 25 % __________
Over-all presentation of the proposal
(neatness, organization, attachments) 10 % __________
Ability to answer questions 20 % __________
Total: __________
Evaluator:__________________________
Date:_______________________________
CRITERIA FOR GRADING
THESIS PROPOSAL
Title of the Study:__________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Proponents: 1._______________________________________
2.__________________________________
3.__________________________________
4.__________________________________
CRITERIA RATING OBTAINED
Chapter I-
Title is clear & concise
Study clearly states the scope/
Limitation/delimitation
The problem is relevant to the Present condition
Logicality of the problem
Theoretical framework supports the
Present study ( if there is)
Conceptual framework illustrates the flow of
study-relationships of variables defined( if there is)
Terms are clearly defined
25 % _________
Chapter II
Related literature/ studies are adequate
& relevant
Presentation of the literature/ studies are
Coherent and correlates to each other
20 % _________
Chapter III
Design of the study matches with the
Current investigation
Respondents /samples are defined
Setting is clearly mentioned/ described
Sampling procedure is specific
Statistical treatment appropriate to the study
Appropriateness of methodology
Flow of Data gathering procedure is
Systematic 25 % __________
Over-all presentation of the proposal
(neatness, organization, attachments) 10 % __________
Ability to answer questions 20 % __________
Total: __________
Evaluator:__________________________
Date:_______________________________
Dr. Antolin E. Bongcawel, Jr. Syllabus in Adv. Info Comm Technology Application
de329aicta
a class extension of advanced ICT applications
SYLLABUS
Universidad de Zamboanga
GRADUATE SCHOOL
3 units Wednesday 5-8 PM
DE 329
ADVANCED INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION
FACILITATOR: DR. ANTOLIN E. BONGCAWEL, JR.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
• Utilization of advanced technologies in developing and communicating information in support of learning processes
COURSE OBJECTIVES
• To adopt an instructional model of learning process that is suitable to the benefit maximization of utilizing ICT applications
• To revisit the essential elements for effective communication.
• To acquire a basic understanding of the major learning processes using the Neo-linguistic Programming as a point of reference in deciding which application could deliver better learning results.
• To be oriented with the various advanced ICT applications that could facilitate learning processes.
• Develop a methodology of instruction integrating advanced ICT applications
COURSE METHODOLOGY
• Learning direction setting
• Class presentations
• Instructional reinforcement
• Output Presentation
• Comprehensive Midterm Examination
• ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide
COURSE OUTLINE
• PART I. The U2RV Model of Instruction & Other Models of Computer-Assisted Learning
• PART II. Elements of Effective Communication
o Internal Communication
o External Communication
• PART III. Neo-linguistic Programming: Its Relevance to Instruction
• PART IV. Widely Used ICT Applications
o Hardware
§ Computer system, Laptap, Notebook
§ Television and Camera
§ Cellular Phones
§ Mainframe
§ Secured Networked Storage
§ Personal Devices: Palm Organizers, MP3, MP4, players etc
o Software
§ MS Paint
§ Powerpoint
§ Publisher
§ Moviemaker
§ Blog
§ Web Page
§ Videoconferencing: i.e., Skype
§ Avaya Phone
§ CCTV
§ Etc.
• PART V. ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
• PART I - JULY
• PART II - AUGUST
• PART III / MIDTERM EXAM – September
• PART IV – October
• PART V/Submission of ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide – November
COURSE ASSESSMENT AND REQUIREMENTS
ITEMS
PERCENTAGE
Class Participation & Presentation
20%
Midterm Comprehensive Examination
25%
Classroom Workshop Outputs
25%
Presentation and Submission of ICT-Assisted-IG
30%
Total
100%
Grading System: 1.0 (99-100%) Excellent
1.25 (97-98%) Very good
1.5 (94-96%) to 1.75 (91-93%) Good
2.0 (88-90%) Passing
3.0 (87 below) Failure
References
Books, Journals, Articles, Electronic Sources on Administrative Communication and Information Technology
Facilitator Information
Name:Dr. Antolin E. Bongcawel, Jr.
Office:UZ Graduate School, UZ- HRD
E-mail :junbongcawel@yahoo.com
Consultation : By Appointment
blog: de329aicta.blogspot.com
Posted by de329aicta at 11:53 PM 0 comments
Labels: Syllabus
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)
SYLLABUS
Universidad de Zamboanga
GRADUATE SCHOOL
3 units Wednesday 5-8 PM
DE 329
ADVANCED INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION
FACILITATOR: DR. ANTOLIN E. BONGCAWEL, JR.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
• Utilization of advanced technologies in developing and communicating information in support of learning processes
COURSE OBJECTIVES
• To adopt an instructional model of learning process that is suitable to the benefit maximization of utilizing ICT applications
• To revisit the essential elements for effective communication.
• To acquire a basic understanding of the major learning processes using the Neo-linguistic Programming as a point of reference in deciding which application could deliver better learning results.
• To be oriented with the various advanced ICT applications that could facilitate learning processes.
• Develop a methodology of instruction integrating advanced ICT applications
COURSE METHODOLOGY
• Learning direction setting
• Class presentations
• Instructional reinforcement
• Output Presentation
• Comprehensive Midterm Examination
• ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide
COURSE OUTLINE
• PART I. The U2RV Model of Instruction & Other Models of Computer-Assisted Learning
• PART II. Elements of Effective Communication
o Internal Communication
o External Communication
• PART III. Neo-linguistic Programming: Its Relevance to Instruction
• PART IV. Widely Used ICT Applications
o Hardware
§ Computer system, Laptap, Notebook
§ Television and Camera
§ Cellular Phones
§ Mainframe
§ Secured Networked Storage
§ Personal Devices: Palm Organizers, MP3, MP4, players etc
o Software
§ MS Paint
§ Powerpoint
§ Publisher
§ Moviemaker
§ Blog
§ Web Page
§ Videoconferencing: i.e., Skype
§ Avaya Phone
§ CCTV
§ Etc.
• PART V. ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
• PART I - JULY
• PART II - AUGUST
• PART III / MIDTERM EXAM – September
• PART IV – October
• PART V/Submission of ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide – November
COURSE ASSESSMENT AND REQUIREMENTS
ITEMS
PERCENTAGE
Class Participation & Presentation
20%
Midterm Comprehensive Examination
25%
Classroom Workshop Outputs
25%
Presentation and Submission of ICT-Assisted-IG
30%
Total
100%
Grading System: 1.0 (99-100%) Excellent
1.25 (97-98%) Very good
1.5 (94-96%) to 1.75 (91-93%) Good
2.0 (88-90%) Passing
3.0 (87 below) Failure
References
Books, Journals, Articles, Electronic Sources on Administrative Communication and Information Technology
Facilitator Information
Name
Dr. Antolin E. Bongcawel, Jr.
Office
UZ Graduate School, UZ- HRD
E-mail
junbongcawel@yahoo.com
Consultation
By Appointment
a class extension of advanced ICT applications
SYLLABUS
Universidad de Zamboanga
GRADUATE SCHOOL
3 units Wednesday 5-8 PM
DE 329
ADVANCED INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION
FACILITATOR: DR. ANTOLIN E. BONGCAWEL, JR.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
• Utilization of advanced technologies in developing and communicating information in support of learning processes
COURSE OBJECTIVES
• To adopt an instructional model of learning process that is suitable to the benefit maximization of utilizing ICT applications
• To revisit the essential elements for effective communication.
• To acquire a basic understanding of the major learning processes using the Neo-linguistic Programming as a point of reference in deciding which application could deliver better learning results.
• To be oriented with the various advanced ICT applications that could facilitate learning processes.
• Develop a methodology of instruction integrating advanced ICT applications
COURSE METHODOLOGY
• Learning direction setting
• Class presentations
• Instructional reinforcement
• Output Presentation
• Comprehensive Midterm Examination
• ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide
COURSE OUTLINE
• PART I. The U2RV Model of Instruction & Other Models of Computer-Assisted Learning
• PART II. Elements of Effective Communication
o Internal Communication
o External Communication
• PART III. Neo-linguistic Programming: Its Relevance to Instruction
• PART IV. Widely Used ICT Applications
o Hardware
§ Computer system, Laptap, Notebook
§ Television and Camera
§ Cellular Phones
§ Mainframe
§ Secured Networked Storage
§ Personal Devices: Palm Organizers, MP3, MP4, players etc
o Software
§ MS Paint
§ Powerpoint
§ Publisher
§ Moviemaker
§ Blog
§ Web Page
§ Videoconferencing: i.e., Skype
§ Avaya Phone
§ CCTV
§ Etc.
• PART V. ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
• PART I - JULY
• PART II - AUGUST
• PART III / MIDTERM EXAM – September
• PART IV – October
• PART V/Submission of ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide – November
COURSE ASSESSMENT AND REQUIREMENTS
ITEMS
PERCENTAGE
Class Participation & Presentation
20%
Midterm Comprehensive Examination
25%
Classroom Workshop Outputs
25%
Presentation and Submission of ICT-Assisted-IG
30%
Total
100%
Grading System: 1.0 (99-100%) Excellent
1.25 (97-98%) Very good
1.5 (94-96%) to 1.75 (91-93%) Good
2.0 (88-90%) Passing
3.0 (87 below) Failure
References
Books, Journals, Articles, Electronic Sources on Administrative Communication and Information Technology
Facilitator Information
Name:Dr. Antolin E. Bongcawel, Jr.
Office:UZ Graduate School, UZ- HRD
E-mail :junbongcawel@yahoo.com
Consultation : By Appointment
blog: de329aicta.blogspot.com
Posted by de329aicta at 11:53 PM 0 comments
Labels: Syllabus
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)
SYLLABUS
Universidad de Zamboanga
GRADUATE SCHOOL
3 units Wednesday 5-8 PM
DE 329
ADVANCED INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION
FACILITATOR: DR. ANTOLIN E. BONGCAWEL, JR.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
• Utilization of advanced technologies in developing and communicating information in support of learning processes
COURSE OBJECTIVES
• To adopt an instructional model of learning process that is suitable to the benefit maximization of utilizing ICT applications
• To revisit the essential elements for effective communication.
• To acquire a basic understanding of the major learning processes using the Neo-linguistic Programming as a point of reference in deciding which application could deliver better learning results.
• To be oriented with the various advanced ICT applications that could facilitate learning processes.
• Develop a methodology of instruction integrating advanced ICT applications
COURSE METHODOLOGY
• Learning direction setting
• Class presentations
• Instructional reinforcement
• Output Presentation
• Comprehensive Midterm Examination
• ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide
COURSE OUTLINE
• PART I. The U2RV Model of Instruction & Other Models of Computer-Assisted Learning
• PART II. Elements of Effective Communication
o Internal Communication
o External Communication
• PART III. Neo-linguistic Programming: Its Relevance to Instruction
• PART IV. Widely Used ICT Applications
o Hardware
§ Computer system, Laptap, Notebook
§ Television and Camera
§ Cellular Phones
§ Mainframe
§ Secured Networked Storage
§ Personal Devices: Palm Organizers, MP3, MP4, players etc
o Software
§ MS Paint
§ Powerpoint
§ Publisher
§ Moviemaker
§ Blog
§ Web Page
§ Videoconferencing: i.e., Skype
§ Avaya Phone
§ CCTV
§ Etc.
• PART V. ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
• PART I - JULY
• PART II - AUGUST
• PART III / MIDTERM EXAM – September
• PART IV – October
• PART V/Submission of ICT-Assisted Instructional Guide – November
COURSE ASSESSMENT AND REQUIREMENTS
ITEMS
PERCENTAGE
Class Participation & Presentation
20%
Midterm Comprehensive Examination
25%
Classroom Workshop Outputs
25%
Presentation and Submission of ICT-Assisted-IG
30%
Total
100%
Grading System: 1.0 (99-100%) Excellent
1.25 (97-98%) Very good
1.5 (94-96%) to 1.75 (91-93%) Good
2.0 (88-90%) Passing
3.0 (87 below) Failure
References
Books, Journals, Articles, Electronic Sources on Administrative Communication and Information Technology
Facilitator Information
Name
Dr. Antolin E. Bongcawel, Jr.
Office
UZ Graduate School, UZ- HRD
junbongcawel@yahoo.com
Consultation
By Appointment
Advanced Educational Research
UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA
Graduate School
Doctor of Philosophy
ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
Syllabus
Facilitator: Bienvenido L. Gregorio, Ph. D.
COURSE DESCRIPTION: This is a 3-unit course in advanced research that entails comprehensive discussion from basic to advanced topics consisting of descriptive and in-depth quantitative and qualitative research methodology leading to the formulation of actual research proposals that have social implications on education in general and school in particular.
COURSE OBJECTIVES: The primary intention of the course is the advancement of educational research competence and capability of student-researchers where basic research concepts and knowledge is complimented by advanced trends in research that characterize researches in foreign universities and to avoid strict adherence to form and rudiments that impugns on research substance.
In particular, the course aims to:
1. Introduce student-researchers to advanced concepts in research that put emphasis on research objectives, methodology, and findings that have actual significance to social realities.
2. Present concepts in quantitative and qualitative research methodology and the conditions where each compliments each other to generate in-depth findings.
3. Present research proposals based on existing need and real problem areas where discovery of facts leads to heightened consciousness and understanding where findings become inputs to policy-making.
4. Acquiesce student-researchers with the culture of research that serves as one of the primary sources of knowledge for classroom use.
5. Prepare student-researchers with the basic tools to construct research proposals for academic exercise as in completion of dissertation report.
COURSE REQUIREMENT: Student-researchers are to observe the following the following criteria for a semester’s grade, namely:
1. 2/3s of the semester grade must be composed by submitting at least one research work in its complete form.
2. 1/3 of the semester grade must be composed by completing the research problem or objectives, significance and methodology (Research Proposal).
3. Additional related assignments leading to the completion of both requirements mentioned in # 1 and 2.
BASIC ACTIVITIES: Class instruction is mainly facilitated by:
1. Direct Class Contact- facilitating lectures and participatory discussion (composing about 1/3 of the classroom activities).
2. Workshop Proper- facilitating actual writing and presentation of research by part (composing about 2/3s of the classroom activities):
a. Individual Presentation of Report- facilitating discussion of individual research reports (Concept Paper & Proposal)
b. Panel Presentation of Report- facilitating discussion of complete research report (Full-blown Report)
COURSE CONTENT (Suggestive): The subject matter is inclusive of other relevant topics that may help facilitate discussion and understanding:
1. Basic Research Concepts Review- includes basic concepts in research in their elemental form, such as but not limited to:
a. Research Definition
b. Kinds or Types of Research
c. Quantitative & Qualitative Research
d. Pure Qualitative Research (AR, PAR, COPAR)
e. Assumptions and Hypotheses
f. Emergence of Research Problems & Problem Identification
g. Thesis and Dissertation: Concentration & Focus
h. Variables Relationships (Bivariate/Multivariate)
i. Ordinal and Nominal Variables
2. Main Topic Presentation- includes advanced discussion of the following:
a. Introduction
Writing the Research Background
Formulation of the Research Problems & Objectives
Writing the Theoretical Framework
Writing the Conceptual Framework
Illustrating the Conceptual Paradigm/Flow Chart
Structuring the Significance of the Study
Scope & Delimitation (Limitation) Construction
Defining Variables & Terms
b. Review of Related Literature & Studies
Citing the Literature
Citing the Studies
Use of ISI Articles in Citation
APA Citation Format (Footnoting & Reference)
c. Methodology
Determining Research Design (Quantitative/Qualitative)
Choice of Research Respondents/Key Informants
Sampling Design
Research Locale/Location/Area
Research Instruments (Quantitative/Qualitative)
Validation of Researcher-made Instruments
Statistical Tool (Quantitative Research Only)
Treatment of Data (Quantitative/Qualitative)
Procedure on Data Gathering
d. Presentation, Interpretation, and Analysis of Data
Manner of Data Presentation
Manner of Interpretation
Manner of Analysis
Sequence of the Chapter
Citation of Review of Literature & Studies
e. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation
Summary (Abstract Writing)
How to Write Conclusion/Generalization
Recommendations (Project/Policy)
f. Research Refereeing, Utilization, and Publication
Refereeing (Peer Review System)
Utilization (Oral/Poster Presentation to Stakeholders)
Publication (Refereed & ISI Certified Journals)
3. Presentation of Full-blown Research Report
a. Chapter I (Introduction)
b. Chapter II (Review of Related Literature & Studies)
c. Chapter III (Research Methodology)
d. Chapter IV (Presentation, Interpretation, & Analysis)
e. Chapter V (Summary, Conclusion, & Recommendation)
E N D
Graduate School
Doctor of Philosophy
ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
Syllabus
Facilitator: Bienvenido L. Gregorio, Ph. D.
COURSE DESCRIPTION: This is a 3-unit course in advanced research that entails comprehensive discussion from basic to advanced topics consisting of descriptive and in-depth quantitative and qualitative research methodology leading to the formulation of actual research proposals that have social implications on education in general and school in particular.
COURSE OBJECTIVES: The primary intention of the course is the advancement of educational research competence and capability of student-researchers where basic research concepts and knowledge is complimented by advanced trends in research that characterize researches in foreign universities and to avoid strict adherence to form and rudiments that impugns on research substance.
In particular, the course aims to:
1. Introduce student-researchers to advanced concepts in research that put emphasis on research objectives, methodology, and findings that have actual significance to social realities.
2. Present concepts in quantitative and qualitative research methodology and the conditions where each compliments each other to generate in-depth findings.
3. Present research proposals based on existing need and real problem areas where discovery of facts leads to heightened consciousness and understanding where findings become inputs to policy-making.
4. Acquiesce student-researchers with the culture of research that serves as one of the primary sources of knowledge for classroom use.
5. Prepare student-researchers with the basic tools to construct research proposals for academic exercise as in completion of dissertation report.
COURSE REQUIREMENT: Student-researchers are to observe the following the following criteria for a semester’s grade, namely:
1. 2/3s of the semester grade must be composed by submitting at least one research work in its complete form.
2. 1/3 of the semester grade must be composed by completing the research problem or objectives, significance and methodology (Research Proposal).
3. Additional related assignments leading to the completion of both requirements mentioned in # 1 and 2.
BASIC ACTIVITIES: Class instruction is mainly facilitated by:
1. Direct Class Contact- facilitating lectures and participatory discussion (composing about 1/3 of the classroom activities).
2. Workshop Proper- facilitating actual writing and presentation of research by part (composing about 2/3s of the classroom activities):
a. Individual Presentation of Report- facilitating discussion of individual research reports (Concept Paper & Proposal)
b. Panel Presentation of Report- facilitating discussion of complete research report (Full-blown Report)
COURSE CONTENT (Suggestive): The subject matter is inclusive of other relevant topics that may help facilitate discussion and understanding:
1. Basic Research Concepts Review- includes basic concepts in research in their elemental form, such as but not limited to:
a. Research Definition
b. Kinds or Types of Research
c. Quantitative & Qualitative Research
d. Pure Qualitative Research (AR, PAR, COPAR)
e. Assumptions and Hypotheses
f. Emergence of Research Problems & Problem Identification
g. Thesis and Dissertation: Concentration & Focus
h. Variables Relationships (Bivariate/Multivariate)
i. Ordinal and Nominal Variables
2. Main Topic Presentation- includes advanced discussion of the following:
a. Introduction
Writing the Research Background
Formulation of the Research Problems & Objectives
Writing the Theoretical Framework
Writing the Conceptual Framework
Illustrating the Conceptual Paradigm/Flow Chart
Structuring the Significance of the Study
Scope & Delimitation (Limitation) Construction
Defining Variables & Terms
b. Review of Related Literature & Studies
Citing the Literature
Citing the Studies
Use of ISI Articles in Citation
APA Citation Format (Footnoting & Reference)
c. Methodology
Determining Research Design (Quantitative/Qualitative)
Choice of Research Respondents/Key Informants
Sampling Design
Research Locale/Location/Area
Research Instruments (Quantitative/Qualitative)
Validation of Researcher-made Instruments
Statistical Tool (Quantitative Research Only)
Treatment of Data (Quantitative/Qualitative)
Procedure on Data Gathering
d. Presentation, Interpretation, and Analysis of Data
Manner of Data Presentation
Manner of Interpretation
Manner of Analysis
Sequence of the Chapter
Citation of Review of Literature & Studies
e. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation
Summary (Abstract Writing)
How to Write Conclusion/Generalization
Recommendations (Project/Policy)
f. Research Refereeing, Utilization, and Publication
Refereeing (Peer Review System)
Utilization (Oral/Poster Presentation to Stakeholders)
Publication (Refereed & ISI Certified Journals)
3. Presentation of Full-blown Research Report
a. Chapter I (Introduction)
b. Chapter II (Review of Related Literature & Studies)
c. Chapter III (Research Methodology)
d. Chapter IV (Presentation, Interpretation, & Analysis)
e. Chapter V (Summary, Conclusion, & Recommendation)
E N D
RESEARCH AND THESIS WRITNG
COMPILED BY: MBTM
This manual is a step by step approach to the process of preparing and completing the thesis laid down here to make the undertaking simple and easy to handle and pleasant to engage in. The subject chosen must be in the student’s major field. Therefore, the thesis is not only an achievement in itself when completed but is also a proof of the student’s mastery of the subject.
To the students, who are at a loss on the intricacies of presenting their subject matter in a thesis, here are the guide- post that will show them how to turn this activity into a pleasant accomplishment.
A word of caution is necessary before we go further. Remember that each institution of learning has its own distinct requirements for undergraduate, graduate thesis. These requirements, must be met to gain the approval of the thesis adviser and of the Thesis Committee, headed by the Chairman of the Panelist.
It is hoped that through this manual, students may avail of the guidelines on how to write a thesis.
Undergraduate thesis is a requirement in Pharmacy curriculum and in other courses. Students select their subjects for thesis based on their major interests. then they
May fulfill the writing requirements without the pressures and arbitrary limitations of time which characterized much of their course works.
What is a Thesis?
The word thesis means two(2) different things. First, it is defined as a hypothesis, as a position or proposition which is advanced and maintained, therefore, a thesis is a tentative solution to a problem. Second, a thesis is defined as a formal essay whose function is to convey a logical argument upholding a specific point of view, particularly, a solution to a problem.like the hypothesis it supports, the argument conveyed must be a product of the writer’s own mind and be based on his original inquiry and research. Research is an instrument and procedure in order to make an accurate solution of a problem or an issue.
A thesis is the written product of the systematic study of a significant problem.
Four (4) Stages in Conducting a Research:
A.Choosing the Research Problem. The research problem has to be resolved.
1. researcher may consider the following common tips when selecting a research problem:
* Novelty or Originality
* Practicality of the Problem
* Ito comnterest of the Researcher on the Topic/ Problem
* Availability of data
* Special qualification of the researcher
* Required time to complete research
* Financial requirements
2. Procedure on how to select a problem
* Analyze what is known, including the historical record
* look for gaps or deficiencies in discussion
* watch for incongruities and contradictions, the points of controversy and the untested conclusions
* follow clues and suggestions obtained from readings, conferences, and thinking
3. Possible sources of Problems
* actual problem encountered
* academic related experience
* area of specialization
* recommendations of other researchers.
* the unit of analysis chosen
* the time frame
4. Characteristic of a Good Problem
* the topic should be of great interest to you.
* it should be useful for the concerned people in a particular field
* it should be novel
* it should lend itself to complex designing
* it should be completed in the alloted time desired
* it should not carry ethical or moral impediments
* it should not encroached /trespass/invade into the privacy of others or putting anybody, any group or any institutions or agency to bad light.
B. Stating the hypothesis:
It is a tentative solution to a problem, since data are not yet available, that has to be proven statistically.
C. Formulating Research Design ( refer to chapter 3 for the types of research designs)
D. Data Collection
The questionnaire is the most commonly used instrument in gathering data. it is simply a set of questions that will supply the necessary information to complete a research study when answered properly by a required number of properly selected respondents.
***Advantages of using the questionnaire:
1. It is easy to construct
2. Distribution is easy and inexpensive
3. Responses are easily tabulated
4. The respondent's replies are are of his own free will
5. Confidential information may be given freely
6. The respondents has enough time to think reflectively of his replies.
7. The respondent can accomplish the questionnaire anywhere at any time at his own convenience
*** Disadvantages of using the questionnaire:
1. The questionnaire cannot be used with those who cannot read nor write
2 Considerable follow ups are necessary
3. Responses cannot be corrected once whenever an error is detected.
4. Some questions may remain unanswered
5. The number of choices may be so limited
Types of Questionnaire:
1. Open Questionnaire- is a type of a questionnaire wherein questions are asked in such a way that the respondent may explain his answers in his own words, style and convenience.
2. Closed Questionnaire- refers to a type of questionnaire where answers are to be chosen from list of answers provided by the researcher.
Advantage of the Interview:
1. It yields more complete and valid information
2. The interviewer can always clarify points which are vague
3. Only the interviewee can make his directly reply to the interviewer
4. There is flexibility
Disadvantages of the Interview:
1. Respondents are hard to contact
2. It is expensive
3. Responses may be in accurate if interviewee has not time to verify records
4. Interviewers may influence interviewees answers
Types/ Classes of Interviews:
1. Standardized Interview
In this type of interview, the interviewer is not allowed to change the specific wordings of the questions in the interview schedule.
2. Non-standardized Interview
The interviewer has complete freedom to develop each interview in the most appropriate manner for each situation
3. Semi-standardized Interview.
The interviewer is required to ask a number of specific major questions, and beyond these he is free to probe as he chooses.
4. Focused Interview
This is also called depth interview. This is similar to the non standardized interview in which no required questions should be asked by the interviewer.
5. Non-directive Interview
this type of interview, the interviee or subject is allowed and even encouraged to express his feelings without fear of disapproval.
Types of Interview Instrument:
1. Interview Schedule
It is the same as questionnaire. the difference between an interview schedule and a questionnaire is that in the former, the question is read to the respondent for him to answer and the interviewer writes his reply. while in the questionnaire, the respondents himself reads and fills out the questionnaire alone without the aid of the researcher.
2. Interview Guide
The interview guide does not go into details but it only provides ideas and allows the interviewer to freely pursue relevant topics in depth.
Some Pointers in conducting Interview:
1. Planning step
2. Selecting the place for interview
3. Establishing Rapport
4. Carrying out the interview
Tips in Constructing a Questionnaire
1. Perform a library Research
2. Talk to Knowledgeable People
3. Mastering the guidelines
4. Writing the Questionnaire
5. Editing the Questionnaire
6. Reviewing the Questionnaire
7. Pre-testing the Questionnaire
8. Writing the questionnaire in its final form
The interview is another form of data gathering technique commonly used by the researcher. it is defined as a purposeful face to face relationship between two persons, one of whom called the interviewer who asks questions to gather information and the other called the interviewee or respondent who supplies the information asked for.
Feasibility of the Study:
The study must answer the following questions:
1. Has the researcher access to the data/ sources/ references he needed?
2. Does this study merit financial assistance? If yes, is the assistance available?
3. Will this study elicit the cooperation and support of agencies?
The thesis has a fairly standardized format. It is organized into three(3) sections:
1. Preliminary mater ( includes title, approval pages, abstract, dedication if desired,, acknowlegment, the table of contents, list of tables, list of figures( if figures appear in paper), other list ( nomenclature, definitions, preface..
However, not every thesis will include all these elements
Preliminary pages are paginated separately from the rest of the text. Use lower-case Roman numerals at the bottom of these pages. Beginning numbering with the abstract, page iii.
The title page and approval page are counted but not paginated. Continue using the lower- case Roman numerals up to the first page of the text.( page 1 of chapter I or the Introduction).
2. Text ( Introduction and Chapters).
3. Back Matters ( Include notes, references or bibliography, appendixes, and Biographical sketch)
The different parts of the format is explained briefly as follows:
RESEARCH TITLE
This is the distinctive name given to the research proposal that describes the work in specific, clear and concise terms. It should contain the independent and the dependent variables. The principal words in the title should not exceed 25. This is written in an inverted pyramid. It should reflect the main purpose of the proposed study. Non-standard or not widely used acronyms and abbreviation should be spelled out.
TITLE PAGE
This is placed after the cover page that contains the complete research title. Description of the requirement, names of the college, institution, professor and researcher/s.
Proper spacing and arrangement are clearly indicated on the sample.
1. margins: left 1 ½; top, right, and bottom 1”
2. typeface and size: consistent with text
3. no underlining, or italics ( exception : names of species, genera, or book titles may be underlined or italicized)
4. title length: 25 words or fewer the better( 1o05 characters or fewer)
5. no abbreviation or chemical symbols in title
6. date: month and year of graduation
7. page number: no page number appears ( although title page is counted as page i)
Abstract. Your abstract should be a brief descriptive summary of the thesis. It should include a brief statement of the subject of your study. Try to read number of abstracts in your field, and you will come to recognize the qualities of a good abstract and learn what to avoid. should be not more that 600 words. Do not write in the first person such as “I” and “WE”.
Approval Page. The approval page, as shown in the sample. Provides space for the signatures of the Thesis Committee, Adviser, Chairperson, Panel of Oral Examiners. Graduate school dean. Same arrangement and style as on title page. Exact date of the oral defense passed. All type written names should be with the corresponding degrees. No page number appears. ( although the Approval Page is counted as page ii).
Dedication. The dedication is usually optional.
List of tables and list of figures. Only those theses which use tables and figures require these list. The list of tables precedes the list of figures. Make entries for every table title and figure caption. Numbers consecutively from the last page of the table of contents, centering between the proper margins the Roman numerals 1” from the bottom of the page.
Text Requirements:
Your adviser will review your manuscript for typographical and grammatical errors. If chronic problems are apparent, He/She will recommend the help of an English editor. However, it is your adviser who will advice about the design of your paper, a particularly on the writing style, content and arrangement of tables, and the need for figures or photographs.
Every page of your paper must meet the requirements 1- ½” on the left and 1” at the top, right, and bottom. The extra half –inch in the left margin will be taken up by the binding.
The text, headings, lists, tables, and figures of your paper will appear off-center on the printed page, but will automatically be centered between the proper margins. Once bound, the margins will appear equal and the material centered properly.
Placement of Tables and Figures. Placing tables and figure near the text that refers to them is more useful to your reader than grouping them at the end of the paper. The reader can easily determine the relevance of the table or figure, which reinforces or substantiate the text. Tables and figures may appear on the same page as text. Also a photograph(plate) or figure should be preceded or followed by text. Otherwise , they may appear on a separate page following the text which refers to them. Table titles must always appear with the table, usually above the table. Large figure sometimes leave little room for the caption. When this happens, the caption may appear on the facing page.
All pages of the text must meet the same margin requirements, including pages on which tables and figures appear. Font size 12, Arial type all throughout the text.
Pagination:
Your text begins with the first page of Chapter I. This page is counted as page 1, but not numbered. No page number appears on the first page of each chapter, the first page of the reference list or bibliography, and the title pages of the appendixes. The text is numbered with Arabic numerals placed in the upper right- hand corner, 1” from the top edge of the page. Begin numbering with page 2. the text begins two spaces below the page number.
Page number appear in upper right-hand corner 1” from top and 1” from right.
Back Matter Requirements:
This consists of the bibliography, appendixes,and the bibliographical sketch( optional). The back matter is paginated consecutively from the last page of the text.
The back matter, including appendixes, must meet the same requirements as the rest of the paper.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The table of contents introduces the reader to your text, indicating its contents, organization, and progression. It precedes all the sections it lists. As such, it is the key to your paper that should make access easy, but should not overwhelm the reader with a detailed index of the contents. It contains all the parts of the chapters with corresponding page numbers. Length, may run to several pages. Do not type ‘”continued” at the bottom of second and subsequent pages.. number consecutively from the acknowledgments, centering between the proper margins the Roman numerals 1” from the bottom of the page.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Before this is also optional , although most theses include a brief paragraph acknowledging the contributions or the researcher expresses his / her gratitude or words of appreciation to some special/ important individuals who assist him/ her in the completion of the research. Paginate consecutively from the last page of the abstract or the Dedication, centering between the proper margins the Roman numeral 1 “ from the bottom of the page..
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
* Background of the Study
This part indicates explanations of the research issue and background information. It discusses the factors that lead to the conceptualization of the problem. The reason/s of the research in conducting the research should be indicated in this part. It indicates the local national or even global problems.
* Theoretical Framework
This part gives the discussion of the theories and models that provide the conceptual bases of the study or the legitimate basis for defining its parameters. The review of the related literature may be discussed here to show how this proposed research study is related to the previous studies.
*Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework consists of the investigator’s own position on a problem after his exposure to various theories that have bearing on a problem. It is the researcher’s new model which has its roots on the previous models that the researcher has read. It provides explicit explanation through a model why the problem ,
It is simple an educated guess or hunch that can be supported by theory and previous research. It is defined as a wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts covered by the study. It serves as a guide to the investigator on what to do and how to go about finding the solutions to the problems. It is characterized as testable, logical, directly related to the research problem, presents a single unit or subset of the problem, factually and theoretically based, states a relationship between variables and sets limits of the study.
*Significance of the Study
The study should be timely and relevant. Also, it must contribute fruitfully to national development, particularly on the economic, cultural, social and/ or intellectual life of the people. This deals with the beneficiaries of the research. In this section, the writer expresses the value or importance of the research study. It is where the significant contributions of the results of the study are enumerated. The beneficiaries will gain from its results or findings such as improvement of policies and practices, contribution to the particular field of study in terms of knowledge and new technology and serves as a guide in decision making.
*Scope and Delimitation, Limitation
It refers to the scope or inclusive frame of reference as well as its limits of the study. It indicates the place where the date are gathered or the entity to which the data belong. It is the population or universe from which the respondents are selected. This should be large enough to make the generalization significant. In brief and concise form, the scope of the investigation defines where and when the study is conducted and who the subjects are. The scope sets the delimitation and establishes boundaries of the study. Delimitations are boundaries beyond which is the study is not concerned.
*Definition of Terms
The terms, words or phrases that have special meanings in the study are defined in this part. The terms should be defined operationally or conceptually and that is how they are used in the study. The researcher may develop his/ her own definition from the characteristics of the terms defined. The definitions may be taken from encyclopedia, book, magazine, journal, dictionary, newspaper article and other publications but He/She must acknowledge the source/s. Definitions should be clear and brief. Acronyms should be spelled out fully especially if it is not known or it is used for the first time.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
It is an essential step or chapter in the research process because it gives the investigator a complete understanding on the way he can design and carry out his research study more effectively. It is composed of the discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related. This chapter has two(2) parts:
*Related Literature:
It consists of articles or information taken from any reading material written by authorities giving their opinions, experiences, theories or ideas of what is desirable or undesirable within the problem area.
*Related Studies:
This part refers to the published reports of actual research studies done previously which are relative to the researcher/s study.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A> Research Design/ Method
It is the scheme or a plan of action meeting the objectives of the study. A number of research designs have been developed by the researchers. Each design has its own applicability depending on the problems and objectives of the study, and several factors like the investigator’s capability, resources and time. From the available research designs, the researcher is to select that which is appropriate and effective in attaining his goal. The appropriateness of a research design depends largely on what method will help the investigator to attain his study goals.
The types of Research Designs are:
1 Historical Design. It is the critical investigation of events, development and experience of the past. Its goal is to know the whole truth about the past so that He/She will not understand the present but know what to do in the present and futures situations. or this is designed to interpret the signs of the past time in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects or trends of those events which may help to explain present and anticipate future events.
2 Descriptive Design. It the best design to be used because it aims to describe the nature of the situation as it exist at the time of the study and to explore the causes of a particular phenomenon.this design involves the description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of conditions that now exist. it often involves some type of comparison or contrast and may attempt to discover a cause-effect relationship that exists between non-manipulated variables.
3 Experimental Design. The only method which can truly test hypothesis concerning the cause and effect relationship.this is a design that describe what will be when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated. the focus is on the cause-effect relationship.
4 Research Survey- this survey is an organized attempt to analyze, interpret, and report the present status of a social institution, group or area.
5 Case Study Research- the case study is a complete analysis and report of the status of an individual subject with respect, as a rule to specific phases of his total personality.
6 Field Research- it is a research type conducted in a realistic situation in which one or more independent variables are manipulated by the experimented under carefully controlled conditions as the situation will permit.
C> Sampling Size
In determining the sample size, some researchers who have no idea of a scientific way of determining the size of a sample adequate for a given population arbitrarily decide in terms of percentage. Sampling is a process of choosing a representative portion of a population. Some of the researchers would say that 50 % of the population would be enough sample size. Others would choose a proportion either lesser or greater that half of the population under investigation. Asked about their basis, their answers all boil down to subjective decision. Subjected to a statistical measure in determining adequate sample size, the sample size they arrived at is inadequate or is much more than what is needed, resulting in an necessary added cost, time and effort. To avoid the problem, the researchers may use sampling formula like the Slovin’s formula or the Lynch and other formula.
D> Sampling Design
Sampling is the process which involves taking part of the population, making observations on this representative groups, and then generalizing the findings to the bigger population.
The research study uses a certain design. Sampling design has two(2) classifications:
1. Probability or Random Sampling Design
Each unit of the population has known probability of being selected or included in the sample. This type of sampling makes possible the selection of sample representative of the population under investigation. The best way to ensure this design is to make sure that there is no bias enters the selection process. That the researcher or other factor cannot consciously or unconsciously influence who gets chosen to be in the sample.
* Simple Random
It is the best known and most commonly used probability sampling. the two methods are lottery and table of random sampling.A simple random is one in which each and every member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected. If the sample is large one, it is the best way yet devised by human beings to obtain a sample that is representative of the population from which it has been selected.
* Stratified Sampling
It is a process of selecting of samples from the different classes or strata of the population involved in the research. Each class is treated as a different population.
* Cluster Sampling
This sampling technique involves the selection of the samples in a group and is usually applied on a geographical basis in a heterogonous population. members of the sample are selected in cluster rather that in using separate indviduals. it is atype of sampling in which groups not individuals are randomly selected.
* Systematic Sampling with a random start. it is a strategy for selecting the members of the sample that allows only a chance and a system to determine the membership in the sample. a system is a planned strategy for selecting members after a starting point is selected at random, such as every fifth subject, every tenth subject, etc.
2. Non-Probability or Non-Random Sampling Design
Each unit of the population will be selected is not known, nor is there any assurance that every unit has a chance of being selected; some in fact, have no chance to be chosen. it is one where not all elements in the population frame have an equal change of being selected.
*
* Purposive Sampling/ Deliberate( Judgment) sampling
The respondents are selected based on the judgment of who best qualify the objectives of the research./ the researcher selects a particular group based on certain criteria .
* Quota Sampling
This method involves the taking of the desired number of respondents with the required characteristics proportionate to the population under study.This is often times used for infinite population and therefore the researcher cannot get a random sample form such a big population.
*Accidental or Covenience sampling
This technique involves the conduct of the study wherein respondents are selected based on the convenience of the researcher.this is a sampling strategy based on the convenience of the researcher. this strategy allows the use of any available group of the research activities. two of these are snowballing and network sampling.
E> Subjects of the Study or Respondents of the Study
The respondents are the individuals who respond and who answer various questions
F > Research Instrument
These are some researches instruments can be used in the research such as questionnaires or interview. The instrument used to collect data is a questionnaire. This is used because it gathers data faster than any other method. In the development of the questionnaire, the researcher may read study some samples of questionnaires from related studies then he may prepare a questionnaire for his study. He may also consult some knowledgeable people about how to prepare it. After formulating the questionnaire, he should submit it to a panel of evaluators who are experts in the field.
G> Validity and Reliability of the Test
In research, the concept of validity and reliability refers specifically to the measurement of data. This is used to answer the research questions. In most cases, the instrument that measures for variables is the central issue in determining the variability and reliability of data. Specifically reliability means the degree of consistency and accuracy with which an instrument measures a variable, while validity refers to the extent to which an instrument measures what it is designed to measure.
H> Data Gathering Procedure or Research Procedure
The process by which the researcher requires subjects and collects the information needed to answer the research problem is referred to data collection. In collecting the data, the researcher must decide which data to collect, how to collect the data, when to collect and who will collect the data.
CHAPTER 1V
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter answers the statement of the problem and arrange according to the flow in chapter III. This is the chapter result.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS
Summarizes what has transpired during the study, concludes the findings and recommends to the readers what is to be done for future study
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Your comprehensive list of references may be called “work cited”, references, or bibliography, but certain requirements apply to the list of references no matter what it is called. This gives the listing of books according to some systems or reference plan like author, subject or date. It gives the list of works of a specific author or publisher. It is a list of writings relating to a given subject in preparing a particular work.
NOTE:
The researcher should use:
1. Arial type
2. 12 font size
3. double space between sentences and three (3) spaces between titles, sub titles, paragraphs and from one paragraph to another paragraph
4. consistent in size and styles from beginning to last page.
COMPILED BY: MBTM
This manual is a step by step approach to the process of preparing and completing the thesis laid down here to make the undertaking simple and easy to handle and pleasant to engage in. The subject chosen must be in the student’s major field. Therefore, the thesis is not only an achievement in itself when completed but is also a proof of the student’s mastery of the subject.
To the students, who are at a loss on the intricacies of presenting their subject matter in a thesis, here are the guide- post that will show them how to turn this activity into a pleasant accomplishment.
A word of caution is necessary before we go further. Remember that each institution of learning has its own distinct requirements for undergraduate, graduate thesis. These requirements, must be met to gain the approval of the thesis adviser and of the Thesis Committee, headed by the Chairman of the Panelist.
It is hoped that through this manual, students may avail of the guidelines on how to write a thesis.
Undergraduate thesis is a requirement in Pharmacy curriculum and in other courses. Students select their subjects for thesis based on their major interests. then they
May fulfill the writing requirements without the pressures and arbitrary limitations of time which characterized much of their course works.
What is a Thesis?
The word thesis means two(2) different things. First, it is defined as a hypothesis, as a position or proposition which is advanced and maintained, therefore, a thesis is a tentative solution to a problem. Second, a thesis is defined as a formal essay whose function is to convey a logical argument upholding a specific point of view, particularly, a solution to a problem.like the hypothesis it supports, the argument conveyed must be a product of the writer’s own mind and be based on his original inquiry and research. Research is an instrument and procedure in order to make an accurate solution of a problem or an issue.
A thesis is the written product of the systematic study of a significant problem.
Four (4) Stages in Conducting a Research:
A.Choosing the Research Problem. The research problem has to be resolved.
1. researcher may consider the following common tips when selecting a research problem:
* Novelty or Originality
* Practicality of the Problem
* Ito comnterest of the Researcher on the Topic/ Problem
* Availability of data
* Special qualification of the researcher
* Required time to complete research
* Financial requirements
2. Procedure on how to select a problem
* Analyze what is known, including the historical record
* look for gaps or deficiencies in discussion
* watch for incongruities and contradictions, the points of controversy and the untested conclusions
* follow clues and suggestions obtained from readings, conferences, and thinking
3. Possible sources of Problems
* actual problem encountered
* academic related experience
* area of specialization
* recommendations of other researchers.
* the unit of analysis chosen
* the time frame
4. Characteristic of a Good Problem
* the topic should be of great interest to you.
* it should be useful for the concerned people in a particular field
* it should be novel
* it should lend itself to complex designing
* it should be completed in the alloted time desired
* it should not carry ethical or moral impediments
* it should not encroached /trespass/invade into the privacy of others or putting anybody, any group or any institutions or agency to bad light.
B. Stating the hypothesis:
It is a tentative solution to a problem, since data are not yet available, that has to be proven statistically.
C. Formulating Research Design ( refer to chapter 3 for the types of research designs)
D. Data Collection
The questionnaire is the most commonly used instrument in gathering data. it is simply a set of questions that will supply the necessary information to complete a research study when answered properly by a required number of properly selected respondents.
***Advantages of using the questionnaire:
1. It is easy to construct
2. Distribution is easy and inexpensive
3. Responses are easily tabulated
4. The respondent's replies are are of his own free will
5. Confidential information may be given freely
6. The respondents has enough time to think reflectively of his replies.
7. The respondent can accomplish the questionnaire anywhere at any time at his own convenience
*** Disadvantages of using the questionnaire:
1. The questionnaire cannot be used with those who cannot read nor write
2 Considerable follow ups are necessary
3. Responses cannot be corrected once whenever an error is detected.
4. Some questions may remain unanswered
5. The number of choices may be so limited
Types of Questionnaire:
1. Open Questionnaire- is a type of a questionnaire wherein questions are asked in such a way that the respondent may explain his answers in his own words, style and convenience.
2. Closed Questionnaire- refers to a type of questionnaire where answers are to be chosen from list of answers provided by the researcher.
Advantage of the Interview:
1. It yields more complete and valid information
2. The interviewer can always clarify points which are vague
3. Only the interviewee can make his directly reply to the interviewer
4. There is flexibility
Disadvantages of the Interview:
1. Respondents are hard to contact
2. It is expensive
3. Responses may be in accurate if interviewee has not time to verify records
4. Interviewers may influence interviewees answers
Types/ Classes of Interviews:
1. Standardized Interview
In this type of interview, the interviewer is not allowed to change the specific wordings of the questions in the interview schedule.
2. Non-standardized Interview
The interviewer has complete freedom to develop each interview in the most appropriate manner for each situation
3. Semi-standardized Interview.
The interviewer is required to ask a number of specific major questions, and beyond these he is free to probe as he chooses.
4. Focused Interview
This is also called depth interview. This is similar to the non standardized interview in which no required questions should be asked by the interviewer.
5. Non-directive Interview
this type of interview, the interviee or subject is allowed and even encouraged to express his feelings without fear of disapproval.
Types of Interview Instrument:
1. Interview Schedule
It is the same as questionnaire. the difference between an interview schedule and a questionnaire is that in the former, the question is read to the respondent for him to answer and the interviewer writes his reply. while in the questionnaire, the respondents himself reads and fills out the questionnaire alone without the aid of the researcher.
2. Interview Guide
The interview guide does not go into details but it only provides ideas and allows the interviewer to freely pursue relevant topics in depth.
Some Pointers in conducting Interview:
1. Planning step
2. Selecting the place for interview
3. Establishing Rapport
4. Carrying out the interview
Tips in Constructing a Questionnaire
1. Perform a library Research
2. Talk to Knowledgeable People
3. Mastering the guidelines
4. Writing the Questionnaire
5. Editing the Questionnaire
6. Reviewing the Questionnaire
7. Pre-testing the Questionnaire
8. Writing the questionnaire in its final form
The interview is another form of data gathering technique commonly used by the researcher. it is defined as a purposeful face to face relationship between two persons, one of whom called the interviewer who asks questions to gather information and the other called the interviewee or respondent who supplies the information asked for.
Feasibility of the Study:
The study must answer the following questions:
1. Has the researcher access to the data/ sources/ references he needed?
2. Does this study merit financial assistance? If yes, is the assistance available?
3. Will this study elicit the cooperation and support of agencies?
The thesis has a fairly standardized format. It is organized into three(3) sections:
1. Preliminary mater ( includes title, approval pages, abstract, dedication if desired,, acknowlegment, the table of contents, list of tables, list of figures( if figures appear in paper), other list ( nomenclature, definitions, preface..
However, not every thesis will include all these elements
Preliminary pages are paginated separately from the rest of the text. Use lower-case Roman numerals at the bottom of these pages. Beginning numbering with the abstract, page iii.
The title page and approval page are counted but not paginated. Continue using the lower- case Roman numerals up to the first page of the text.( page 1 of chapter I or the Introduction).
2. Text ( Introduction and Chapters).
3. Back Matters ( Include notes, references or bibliography, appendixes, and Biographical sketch)
The different parts of the format is explained briefly as follows:
RESEARCH TITLE
This is the distinctive name given to the research proposal that describes the work in specific, clear and concise terms. It should contain the independent and the dependent variables. The principal words in the title should not exceed 25. This is written in an inverted pyramid. It should reflect the main purpose of the proposed study. Non-standard or not widely used acronyms and abbreviation should be spelled out.
TITLE PAGE
This is placed after the cover page that contains the complete research title. Description of the requirement, names of the college, institution, professor and researcher/s.
Proper spacing and arrangement are clearly indicated on the sample.
1. margins: left 1 ½; top, right, and bottom 1”
2. typeface and size: consistent with text
3. no underlining, or italics ( exception : names of species, genera, or book titles may be underlined or italicized)
4. title length: 25 words or fewer the better( 1o05 characters or fewer)
5. no abbreviation or chemical symbols in title
6. date: month and year of graduation
7. page number: no page number appears ( although title page is counted as page i)
Abstract. Your abstract should be a brief descriptive summary of the thesis. It should include a brief statement of the subject of your study. Try to read number of abstracts in your field, and you will come to recognize the qualities of a good abstract and learn what to avoid. should be not more that 600 words. Do not write in the first person such as “I” and “WE”.
Approval Page. The approval page, as shown in the sample. Provides space for the signatures of the Thesis Committee, Adviser, Chairperson, Panel of Oral Examiners. Graduate school dean. Same arrangement and style as on title page. Exact date of the oral defense passed. All type written names should be with the corresponding degrees. No page number appears. ( although the Approval Page is counted as page ii).
Dedication. The dedication is usually optional.
List of tables and list of figures. Only those theses which use tables and figures require these list. The list of tables precedes the list of figures. Make entries for every table title and figure caption. Numbers consecutively from the last page of the table of contents, centering between the proper margins the Roman numerals 1” from the bottom of the page.
Text Requirements:
Your adviser will review your manuscript for typographical and grammatical errors. If chronic problems are apparent, He/She will recommend the help of an English editor. However, it is your adviser who will advice about the design of your paper, a particularly on the writing style, content and arrangement of tables, and the need for figures or photographs.
Every page of your paper must meet the requirements 1- ½” on the left and 1” at the top, right, and bottom. The extra half –inch in the left margin will be taken up by the binding.
The text, headings, lists, tables, and figures of your paper will appear off-center on the printed page, but will automatically be centered between the proper margins. Once bound, the margins will appear equal and the material centered properly.
Placement of Tables and Figures. Placing tables and figure near the text that refers to them is more useful to your reader than grouping them at the end of the paper. The reader can easily determine the relevance of the table or figure, which reinforces or substantiate the text. Tables and figures may appear on the same page as text. Also a photograph(plate) or figure should be preceded or followed by text. Otherwise , they may appear on a separate page following the text which refers to them. Table titles must always appear with the table, usually above the table. Large figure sometimes leave little room for the caption. When this happens, the caption may appear on the facing page.
All pages of the text must meet the same margin requirements, including pages on which tables and figures appear. Font size 12, Arial type all throughout the text.
Pagination:
Your text begins with the first page of Chapter I. This page is counted as page 1, but not numbered. No page number appears on the first page of each chapter, the first page of the reference list or bibliography, and the title pages of the appendixes. The text is numbered with Arabic numerals placed in the upper right- hand corner, 1” from the top edge of the page. Begin numbering with page 2. the text begins two spaces below the page number.
Page number appear in upper right-hand corner 1” from top and 1” from right.
Back Matter Requirements:
This consists of the bibliography, appendixes,and the bibliographical sketch( optional). The back matter is paginated consecutively from the last page of the text.
The back matter, including appendixes, must meet the same requirements as the rest of the paper.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The table of contents introduces the reader to your text, indicating its contents, organization, and progression. It precedes all the sections it lists. As such, it is the key to your paper that should make access easy, but should not overwhelm the reader with a detailed index of the contents. It contains all the parts of the chapters with corresponding page numbers. Length, may run to several pages. Do not type ‘”continued” at the bottom of second and subsequent pages.. number consecutively from the acknowledgments, centering between the proper margins the Roman numerals 1” from the bottom of the page.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Before this is also optional , although most theses include a brief paragraph acknowledging the contributions or the researcher expresses his / her gratitude or words of appreciation to some special/ important individuals who assist him/ her in the completion of the research. Paginate consecutively from the last page of the abstract or the Dedication, centering between the proper margins the Roman numeral 1 “ from the bottom of the page..
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
* Background of the Study
This part indicates explanations of the research issue and background information. It discusses the factors that lead to the conceptualization of the problem. The reason/s of the research in conducting the research should be indicated in this part. It indicates the local national or even global problems.
* Theoretical Framework
This part gives the discussion of the theories and models that provide the conceptual bases of the study or the legitimate basis for defining its parameters. The review of the related literature may be discussed here to show how this proposed research study is related to the previous studies.
*Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework consists of the investigator’s own position on a problem after his exposure to various theories that have bearing on a problem. It is the researcher’s new model which has its roots on the previous models that the researcher has read. It provides explicit explanation through a model why the problem ,
It is simple an educated guess or hunch that can be supported by theory and previous research. It is defined as a wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts covered by the study. It serves as a guide to the investigator on what to do and how to go about finding the solutions to the problems. It is characterized as testable, logical, directly related to the research problem, presents a single unit or subset of the problem, factually and theoretically based, states a relationship between variables and sets limits of the study.
*Significance of the Study
The study should be timely and relevant. Also, it must contribute fruitfully to national development, particularly on the economic, cultural, social and/ or intellectual life of the people. This deals with the beneficiaries of the research. In this section, the writer expresses the value or importance of the research study. It is where the significant contributions of the results of the study are enumerated. The beneficiaries will gain from its results or findings such as improvement of policies and practices, contribution to the particular field of study in terms of knowledge and new technology and serves as a guide in decision making.
*Scope and Delimitation, Limitation
It refers to the scope or inclusive frame of reference as well as its limits of the study. It indicates the place where the date are gathered or the entity to which the data belong. It is the population or universe from which the respondents are selected. This should be large enough to make the generalization significant. In brief and concise form, the scope of the investigation defines where and when the study is conducted and who the subjects are. The scope sets the delimitation and establishes boundaries of the study. Delimitations are boundaries beyond which is the study is not concerned.
*Definition of Terms
The terms, words or phrases that have special meanings in the study are defined in this part. The terms should be defined operationally or conceptually and that is how they are used in the study. The researcher may develop his/ her own definition from the characteristics of the terms defined. The definitions may be taken from encyclopedia, book, magazine, journal, dictionary, newspaper article and other publications but He/She must acknowledge the source/s. Definitions should be clear and brief. Acronyms should be spelled out fully especially if it is not known or it is used for the first time.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
It is an essential step or chapter in the research process because it gives the investigator a complete understanding on the way he can design and carry out his research study more effectively. It is composed of the discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related. This chapter has two(2) parts:
*Related Literature:
It consists of articles or information taken from any reading material written by authorities giving their opinions, experiences, theories or ideas of what is desirable or undesirable within the problem area.
*Related Studies:
This part refers to the published reports of actual research studies done previously which are relative to the researcher/s study.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A> Research Design/ Method
It is the scheme or a plan of action meeting the objectives of the study. A number of research designs have been developed by the researchers. Each design has its own applicability depending on the problems and objectives of the study, and several factors like the investigator’s capability, resources and time. From the available research designs, the researcher is to select that which is appropriate and effective in attaining his goal. The appropriateness of a research design depends largely on what method will help the investigator to attain his study goals.
The types of Research Designs are:
1 Historical Design. It is the critical investigation of events, development and experience of the past. Its goal is to know the whole truth about the past so that He/She will not understand the present but know what to do in the present and futures situations. or this is designed to interpret the signs of the past time in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects or trends of those events which may help to explain present and anticipate future events.
2 Descriptive Design. It the best design to be used because it aims to describe the nature of the situation as it exist at the time of the study and to explore the causes of a particular phenomenon.this design involves the description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of conditions that now exist. it often involves some type of comparison or contrast and may attempt to discover a cause-effect relationship that exists between non-manipulated variables.
3 Experimental Design. The only method which can truly test hypothesis concerning the cause and effect relationship.this is a design that describe what will be when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated. the focus is on the cause-effect relationship.
4 Research Survey- this survey is an organized attempt to analyze, interpret, and report the present status of a social institution, group or area.
5 Case Study Research- the case study is a complete analysis and report of the status of an individual subject with respect, as a rule to specific phases of his total personality.
6 Field Research- it is a research type conducted in a realistic situation in which one or more independent variables are manipulated by the experimented under carefully controlled conditions as the situation will permit.
C> Sampling Size
In determining the sample size, some researchers who have no idea of a scientific way of determining the size of a sample adequate for a given population arbitrarily decide in terms of percentage. Sampling is a process of choosing a representative portion of a population. Some of the researchers would say that 50 % of the population would be enough sample size. Others would choose a proportion either lesser or greater that half of the population under investigation. Asked about their basis, their answers all boil down to subjective decision. Subjected to a statistical measure in determining adequate sample size, the sample size they arrived at is inadequate or is much more than what is needed, resulting in an necessary added cost, time and effort. To avoid the problem, the researchers may use sampling formula like the Slovin’s formula or the Lynch and other formula.
D> Sampling Design
Sampling is the process which involves taking part of the population, making observations on this representative groups, and then generalizing the findings to the bigger population.
The research study uses a certain design. Sampling design has two(2) classifications:
1. Probability or Random Sampling Design
Each unit of the population has known probability of being selected or included in the sample. This type of sampling makes possible the selection of sample representative of the population under investigation. The best way to ensure this design is to make sure that there is no bias enters the selection process. That the researcher or other factor cannot consciously or unconsciously influence who gets chosen to be in the sample.
* Simple Random
It is the best known and most commonly used probability sampling. the two methods are lottery and table of random sampling.A simple random is one in which each and every member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected. If the sample is large one, it is the best way yet devised by human beings to obtain a sample that is representative of the population from which it has been selected.
* Stratified Sampling
It is a process of selecting of samples from the different classes or strata of the population involved in the research. Each class is treated as a different population.
* Cluster Sampling
This sampling technique involves the selection of the samples in a group and is usually applied on a geographical basis in a heterogonous population. members of the sample are selected in cluster rather that in using separate indviduals. it is atype of sampling in which groups not individuals are randomly selected.
* Systematic Sampling with a random start. it is a strategy for selecting the members of the sample that allows only a chance and a system to determine the membership in the sample. a system is a planned strategy for selecting members after a starting point is selected at random, such as every fifth subject, every tenth subject, etc.
2. Non-Probability or Non-Random Sampling Design
Each unit of the population will be selected is not known, nor is there any assurance that every unit has a chance of being selected; some in fact, have no chance to be chosen. it is one where not all elements in the population frame have an equal change of being selected.
*
* Purposive Sampling/ Deliberate( Judgment) sampling
The respondents are selected based on the judgment of who best qualify the objectives of the research./ the researcher selects a particular group based on certain criteria .
* Quota Sampling
This method involves the taking of the desired number of respondents with the required characteristics proportionate to the population under study.This is often times used for infinite population and therefore the researcher cannot get a random sample form such a big population.
*Accidental or Covenience sampling
This technique involves the conduct of the study wherein respondents are selected based on the convenience of the researcher.this is a sampling strategy based on the convenience of the researcher. this strategy allows the use of any available group of the research activities. two of these are snowballing and network sampling.
E> Subjects of the Study or Respondents of the Study
The respondents are the individuals who respond and who answer various questions
F > Research Instrument
These are some researches instruments can be used in the research such as questionnaires or interview. The instrument used to collect data is a questionnaire. This is used because it gathers data faster than any other method. In the development of the questionnaire, the researcher may read study some samples of questionnaires from related studies then he may prepare a questionnaire for his study. He may also consult some knowledgeable people about how to prepare it. After formulating the questionnaire, he should submit it to a panel of evaluators who are experts in the field.
G> Validity and Reliability of the Test
In research, the concept of validity and reliability refers specifically to the measurement of data. This is used to answer the research questions. In most cases, the instrument that measures for variables is the central issue in determining the variability and reliability of data. Specifically reliability means the degree of consistency and accuracy with which an instrument measures a variable, while validity refers to the extent to which an instrument measures what it is designed to measure.
H> Data Gathering Procedure or Research Procedure
The process by which the researcher requires subjects and collects the information needed to answer the research problem is referred to data collection. In collecting the data, the researcher must decide which data to collect, how to collect the data, when to collect and who will collect the data.
CHAPTER 1V
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter answers the statement of the problem and arrange according to the flow in chapter III. This is the chapter result.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS
Summarizes what has transpired during the study, concludes the findings and recommends to the readers what is to be done for future study
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Your comprehensive list of references may be called “work cited”, references, or bibliography, but certain requirements apply to the list of references no matter what it is called. This gives the listing of books according to some systems or reference plan like author, subject or date. It gives the list of works of a specific author or publisher. It is a list of writings relating to a given subject in preparing a particular work.
NOTE:
The researcher should use:
1. Arial type
2. 12 font size
3. double space between sentences and three (3) spaces between titles, sub titles, paragraphs and from one paragraph to another paragraph
4. consistent in size and styles from beginning to last page.
SPSS Tutorial
Part I - Part II
- Setting up the data file ________________________________________You are going to create a simple data file in SPSS and learn to manipulate the data. This procedure is very step-by-step as not too lose those who have never been this way before.
Let's assume we've completed a survey of twelve people who have completed a weight reduction program. Each person is sequentially assigned an ID number. We've asked them their height, original weight, sex, political party, weight after the weight reduction program, and eight questions from an extroversion questionnaire. First, you'll need to open SPSS from the desktop. It should look something like Figure 1 below. You've got a blank slate. It's always best to plan your data set before you just randomly plug in variables. We're going to enter the data for each person as follows:
________________________________________
Table 1
• ID number (id)
• sex (sex)
• height, inches (height)
• weight before the program (before)
• weight after the program (after)
• political party affiliation (party)
• eight questions about extroversion (e1 through e8)
________________________________________
Since SPSS is rather specific about what you name your variables (variables are limited to certain alphanumeric characters and a length of eight characters), we're going to use the names in parenthesis as our variable names.
Figure 1:
(Note: The numbers are going to coincide with the numbers in the figures so you'll know exactly where you should be as you follow this guide.)
1) Double-click on the "var" at the top of the column. A dialog box will appear like in Figure 2.
2) Change the default text in the field that the arrow is pointing to ("VAR00001") to "id", the first of our variable names.
Figure 2:
3) Click on the "Type" button. This brings up the box in Figure 3.
4) Notice that the type is "Numeric."
5) Change the "Width" to 3 and the "Decimal Places" to 0. Click on Continue for this box. Then click on the OK for the first box. You've now defined the first variable.
Figure 3:
6) (See Figure 1) Click into the first white box under the "id" column. Type "1." This is the ID number of the first subject. Proceed down the column entering ID numbers from "1" to "12."
7) Double click on the top of the next column to the right of id to name it "sex." Under "Type" set the width to 1 and "Decimal Places" to 0. After you're done with that, click on the "Labels" button (see Figure 2); this will bring up a dialog box like the one in Figure 4.
8) Set the "Variable Label" to "Sex."
Figure 4:
9) Under "Value" type a 1, and under "Value Label" type "Male." Click the "Add" button. Now make "Value" 2 and "Value Label" "Female." Click the "Add" button again. Click Continue. Click OK. What we just did here is use numbers to represent the values for sex.
You'll need to put in twelve values under the sex column. Use the following data: 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2.
Now, using what you've learned so far, create the remaining variables with the data given below:
3. Variable Name: height
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 76, 59, 67, 65, 63, 72, 70, 68, 69, 74, 68, 63.
4. Variable Name: before
o Type: Numeric, Width = 3, Decimal Places = 0
o Labels: Variable Label = "Weight before"
o Enter these data: 185, 113, 145, 156, 106, 191, 155, 165, 175, 180, 135, 118.
5. Variable Name: after
o Type: Numeric, Width = 3, Decimal Places = 0
o Labels: Variable Label = "Weight after"
o Enter these data: 176, 90, 140, 135, 100, 184, 130, 158, 165, 172, 120, 102.
6. Variable Name: party
o Type: Numeric, Width = 1, Decimal Places = 0
o Labels: Variable Label = "Political party"
o Labels: Value Labels: "1" = "Democrat", "2" = "Republican", "3" = "Other"
o Enter these data: 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2.
7. Variable Name: e1
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7, 5.
8. Variable Name: e2
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 3, 7, 5, 6, 4, 4, 6, 4, 4, 2, 5, 3.
9. Variable Name: e3
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4, 7, 6, 3, 3, 6, 5.
10. Variable Name: e4
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 4, 6, 7, 7, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 7.
11. Variable Name: e5
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 3, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 4.
12. Variable Name: e6
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 4, 6, 4, 6, 5, 2, 4, 5, 5, 7, 5, 6.
13. Variable Name: e7
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 3, 7, 3, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 3.
14. Variable Name: e8
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 3, 6, 3, 5, 5, 1, 3, 3, 2, 3, 5, 2.
Your file should look like Figure 5. You can save your file under the pulldown menu File: Save.
Figure 5:
Go to Part II.
6) These are your descriptive statistics; as you can see, SPSS will give you the mean, standard deviation, and number of each variable.
7) This is the main matrix of the Pearson's output. Variables have been arranged in a matrix such that where their columns/rows intersect there are numbers that tell about the statistical interaction between the variables. Three pieces of information are provided in each cell -- the Pearson correlation, the significance, and number of cases. When a variable interacts with itself, the correlation will obviously be 1.00. No significance is given in these cases.
8) Notice that the -.774 has asterisks by it. As is indicated at the bottom of the output this is how SPSS indicates significant interactions for you. Notice the significance is under 0.05 (.003).
________________________________________
That's it for Pearson's
SPSS Tutorial
- How to do an Independent T-test -
________________________________________
The independent t-test is used to test for a difference between two independent groups (like males and females) on the means of a continuous variable.
1) Select Statistics: Compare Means: Independent Samples T-Test (Figure 1). A menu like that in Figure 2 should be displayed.
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
2) Select continuous variables that you want to test from the list.
3) Click on the arrow that will send them to the "Test Variable(s)" box.
2) Select the categorical variable from which you are going to extract the groups for comparison and send it to the "Grouping Variable" box by pressing the appropriate arrow.
4) Click on the "Define Groups" button. You are confronted with a small dialog box asking you for two groups. In this case, I'm using 1 and 2 (males and females). Click Continue when you're done. Then click OK when you're ready to get the output.
Figure 3:
5) These are descriptive statistics concerning your variables.
6) This first part is important. You see, there is a possibility for two t-tests to occur here. You have to know which one to use. When comparing groups like this, their variances must be relatively similar for the first t-test to be used. Levene's test checks for this. If the significance for Levene's test is 0.05 or below, then the "Equal Variances Not Assumed" test (the one on the bottom) is used. Otherwise you'll use the "Equal Variances Assumed" test (the one on the top). In this case the significance is 0.287, so we'll be using the "Equal Variances" one.
7) Here's your t statistic.
8) These are the degrees of freedom (df).
9) Here's your significance (two-tailed).
SPSS Tutorial
- How to do a Paired Samples T-test -
________________________________________
1) Select Statistics: Compare Means: Paired Samples T-Test (Figure 1). A menu like that in Figure 2 should be displayed.
Figure 1:
2) Highlight the two variables upon which you want to run your analysis. When you have the two highlighted, send them over to the right column with the arrow button. You can then define more variable pairs if you wish, but if that's all you want, then just click on OK.
Figure 2:
3) This table is some relevant descriptive data concerning your variables.
Figure 3:
4) This is the T statistic.
5) This is the p-value (significance) of the T statistic.
SPSS Tutorial
- How to do a Chi Square -
________________________________________
1) Select Statistics: Summarize: Crosstabs. (Figure 1). A menu like that in Figure 2 should be displayed.
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
2) From the variable list you now choose your variables.
3) Send them to the appropriate place, either rows or columns boxes.
4) Now we still have to tell SPSS that we want a chi square done. Click on "Statistics." This should bring up the menu in Figure 3
Figure 3:
5) Check "Chi-square" and "Correlations." Click Continue. Then click OK. We're ready to get some output.
Figure 4:
6) Output. Figure 4.This is a cross tabulation table that tells you how many of which of your categories are related to the other category(s).
7) This is the value of the chi-square statistic.
8) This is your degrees of freedom.
9) Here is your significance (p-value).
Part I - Part II
- Setting up the data file ________________________________________You are going to create a simple data file in SPSS and learn to manipulate the data. This procedure is very step-by-step as not too lose those who have never been this way before.
Let's assume we've completed a survey of twelve people who have completed a weight reduction program. Each person is sequentially assigned an ID number. We've asked them their height, original weight, sex, political party, weight after the weight reduction program, and eight questions from an extroversion questionnaire. First, you'll need to open SPSS from the desktop. It should look something like Figure 1 below. You've got a blank slate. It's always best to plan your data set before you just randomly plug in variables. We're going to enter the data for each person as follows:
________________________________________
Table 1
• ID number (id)
• sex (sex)
• height, inches (height)
• weight before the program (before)
• weight after the program (after)
• political party affiliation (party)
• eight questions about extroversion (e1 through e8)
________________________________________
Since SPSS is rather specific about what you name your variables (variables are limited to certain alphanumeric characters and a length of eight characters), we're going to use the names in parenthesis as our variable names.
Figure 1:
(Note: The numbers are going to coincide with the numbers in the figures so you'll know exactly where you should be as you follow this guide.)
1) Double-click on the "var" at the top of the column. A dialog box will appear like in Figure 2.
2) Change the default text in the field that the arrow is pointing to ("VAR00001") to "id", the first of our variable names.
Figure 2:
3) Click on the "Type" button. This brings up the box in Figure 3.
4) Notice that the type is "Numeric."
5) Change the "Width" to 3 and the "Decimal Places" to 0. Click on Continue for this box. Then click on the OK for the first box. You've now defined the first variable.
Figure 3:
6) (See Figure 1) Click into the first white box under the "id" column. Type "1." This is the ID number of the first subject. Proceed down the column entering ID numbers from "1" to "12."
7) Double click on the top of the next column to the right of id to name it "sex." Under "Type" set the width to 1 and "Decimal Places" to 0. After you're done with that, click on the "Labels" button (see Figure 2); this will bring up a dialog box like the one in Figure 4.
8) Set the "Variable Label" to "Sex."
Figure 4:
9) Under "Value" type a 1, and under "Value Label" type "Male." Click the "Add" button. Now make "Value" 2 and "Value Label" "Female." Click the "Add" button again. Click Continue. Click OK. What we just did here is use numbers to represent the values for sex.
You'll need to put in twelve values under the sex column. Use the following data: 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2.
Now, using what you've learned so far, create the remaining variables with the data given below:
3. Variable Name: height
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 76, 59, 67, 65, 63, 72, 70, 68, 69, 74, 68, 63.
4. Variable Name: before
o Type: Numeric, Width = 3, Decimal Places = 0
o Labels: Variable Label = "Weight before"
o Enter these data: 185, 113, 145, 156, 106, 191, 155, 165, 175, 180, 135, 118.
5. Variable Name: after
o Type: Numeric, Width = 3, Decimal Places = 0
o Labels: Variable Label = "Weight after"
o Enter these data: 176, 90, 140, 135, 100, 184, 130, 158, 165, 172, 120, 102.
6. Variable Name: party
o Type: Numeric, Width = 1, Decimal Places = 0
o Labels: Variable Label = "Political party"
o Labels: Value Labels: "1" = "Democrat", "2" = "Republican", "3" = "Other"
o Enter these data: 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2.
7. Variable Name: e1
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7, 5.
8. Variable Name: e2
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 3, 7, 5, 6, 4, 4, 6, 4, 4, 2, 5, 3.
9. Variable Name: e3
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4, 7, 6, 3, 3, 6, 5.
10. Variable Name: e4
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 4, 6, 7, 7, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 7.
11. Variable Name: e5
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 3, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 4.
12. Variable Name: e6
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 4, 6, 4, 6, 5, 2, 4, 5, 5, 7, 5, 6.
13. Variable Name: e7
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 3, 7, 3, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 3.
14. Variable Name: e8
o Type: Numeric, Width = 2, Decimal Places = 0
o Enter these data: 3, 6, 3, 5, 5, 1, 3, 3, 2, 3, 5, 2.
Your file should look like Figure 5. You can save your file under the pulldown menu File: Save.
Figure 5:
Go to Part II.
6) These are your descriptive statistics; as you can see, SPSS will give you the mean, standard deviation, and number of each variable.
7) This is the main matrix of the Pearson's output. Variables have been arranged in a matrix such that where their columns/rows intersect there are numbers that tell about the statistical interaction between the variables. Three pieces of information are provided in each cell -- the Pearson correlation, the significance, and number of cases. When a variable interacts with itself, the correlation will obviously be 1.00. No significance is given in these cases.
8) Notice that the -.774 has asterisks by it. As is indicated at the bottom of the output this is how SPSS indicates significant interactions for you. Notice the significance is under 0.05 (.003).
________________________________________
That's it for Pearson's
SPSS Tutorial
- How to do an Independent T-test -
________________________________________
The independent t-test is used to test for a difference between two independent groups (like males and females) on the means of a continuous variable.
1) Select Statistics: Compare Means: Independent Samples T-Test (Figure 1). A menu like that in Figure 2 should be displayed.
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
2) Select continuous variables that you want to test from the list.
3) Click on the arrow that will send them to the "Test Variable(s)" box.
2) Select the categorical variable from which you are going to extract the groups for comparison and send it to the "Grouping Variable" box by pressing the appropriate arrow.
4) Click on the "Define Groups" button. You are confronted with a small dialog box asking you for two groups. In this case, I'm using 1 and 2 (males and females). Click Continue when you're done. Then click OK when you're ready to get the output.
Figure 3:
5) These are descriptive statistics concerning your variables.
6) This first part is important. You see, there is a possibility for two t-tests to occur here. You have to know which one to use. When comparing groups like this, their variances must be relatively similar for the first t-test to be used. Levene's test checks for this. If the significance for Levene's test is 0.05 or below, then the "Equal Variances Not Assumed" test (the one on the bottom) is used. Otherwise you'll use the "Equal Variances Assumed" test (the one on the top). In this case the significance is 0.287, so we'll be using the "Equal Variances" one.
7) Here's your t statistic.
8) These are the degrees of freedom (df).
9) Here's your significance (two-tailed).
SPSS Tutorial
- How to do a Paired Samples T-test -
________________________________________
1) Select Statistics: Compare Means: Paired Samples T-Test (Figure 1). A menu like that in Figure 2 should be displayed.
Figure 1:
2) Highlight the two variables upon which you want to run your analysis. When you have the two highlighted, send them over to the right column with the arrow button. You can then define more variable pairs if you wish, but if that's all you want, then just click on OK.
Figure 2:
3) This table is some relevant descriptive data concerning your variables.
Figure 3:
4) This is the T statistic.
5) This is the p-value (significance) of the T statistic.
SPSS Tutorial
- How to do a Chi Square -
________________________________________
1) Select Statistics: Summarize: Crosstabs. (Figure 1). A menu like that in Figure 2 should be displayed.
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
2) From the variable list you now choose your variables.
3) Send them to the appropriate place, either rows or columns boxes.
4) Now we still have to tell SPSS that we want a chi square done. Click on "Statistics." This should bring up the menu in Figure 3
Figure 3:
5) Check "Chi-square" and "Correlations." Click Continue. Then click OK. We're ready to get some output.
Figure 4:
6) Output. Figure 4.This is a cross tabulation table that tells you how many of which of your categories are related to the other category(s).
7) This is the value of the chi-square statistic.
8) This is your degrees of freedom.
9) Here is your significance (p-value).
BS Pharmacy Pre-Mid Grade
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1 (LEC)
THIRD YEAR LEVEL
PRE-MID GRADE
1. 2003024 95% 11.2002209 85%
2. 2002250 94% 2002252 85%
2003007 94% 1044502 85%
1035495 94% 2033034 85%
2002162 94% 2001929 85%
3. 2001968 93% 2001849 85%
2002371 93% 12.2002184 83%
2002263 93% 1037354 83%
4. 2002343 92% 2002284 83%
2002064 92% 1031952 83%
5. 2001997 91% 2008201881 83%
2002047 91% 13.2002273 82%
2008200305 91% 2001931 82%
6. 232921 90% 14.2001845 81%
1041148 90% 15.2008203512 80%
2002103 90% 16. 2002256 79%
7. 504120 89% 2001871 79%
1044767 89% 17. 1042054 77%
2003023 89% 18. 1043692 76%
2003026 89% 2001847 76%
89% 2002118 76%
1047970 89% 2008203740 76%
1043854 89% 1043702 76%
2008205377 89% 19. 2008202462 75%
8.. 2002256 88% 20. 2002521 74%
2002211 88% 21. 2002298 72%
9. 2001976 87% 22. 2003145 67% 2001900 87% 23. 1039029 51%
1038337 87% 24. 1041866 50%
1046012 87%
10. 2002201 86%
2001886 86%
2001943 86%
1045908 86%
2002616 86%
1044867 86%
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1 (LABORATORY)
THIRD YEAR LEVEL
PRE-MID GRADE
1. 2003024 96% 19. 1047970 77%
2001886 96% 2001900 77%
2001943 96% 20. 2002118 76%
2. 2202250 95% 232921 76%
2003007 95% 1038337 76%
3. 2001968 94% 2001849 76%
4. 2002047 93% 21. 2001976 75%
5. 2002201 91% 2002371 75%
2002209 91% 1004704 75%
1035495 91% 22. 1043692 74%
6. 2002024 90% 2003145 74%
7. 2001997 89% 2003034 74%
2001845 89% 1043702 74%
2002184 89% 23. 2001847 73%
89% 2001931 73%
8. 2002064 88% 2002298 73%
9. 2002263 87% 2008201881 73%
10. 2002103 86% 1046012 73%
11. 2002616 85% 24. 1044767 72%
12. 504120 84% 1044502 72%
1041148 84% 1045908 72%
13. 202211 83% 1043854 72%
14. 2002252 82% 25. 2008203512 71%
15. 2001929 81% 2008202462 71%
16. 2003023 80% 1031952 71%
2008205377 80% 1044867 71%
17. 2002256 79% 26. 2002284 70%
2002162 79% 27. 2002521 69%
18. 2002343 78%
2002273 78%
1037354 78%
2003026 78%
2008200305 78%
2001871 78%
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 3B (LEC/LAB)
FOURTH YEAR LEVEL
PRE-MID GRADE
1. 2002454 93% 14. 1043559 80%
2. 1043644 92% 1015334 80%
3. 1044848 91% 1044796 80%
4. 1043811 90% 412877 80%
1043855 90% 15. 1004704 79%
5. 1044598 89% 408504 79%
1040591 89% 16. 1043654 78%
6. 1043014 88% 1044041 78%
1040306 88% 1037363 78%
1041115 88% 1043909 78%
1044899 88% 1044506 78%
7. 1010279 87% 17. 1043771 77%
1038499 87% 18. 1043815 76%
1043905 87% 19. 1043608 75%
8. 1043678 86% 1042682 75%
1045240 86% 20. 1033260 70%
1045025 86% 1042741 70%
1043809 86% 21. 1038374 68%
9. 1045355 85% 22. 1044843 54%
1040781 85%
1043697 85%
1043635 85%
1045712 85%
10. 1040963 84%
1043995 84%
11. 1043936 83%
1044361 83%
410920 83%
1043657 83%
12. 1043719 82%
1041147 82%
1044306 82%
1038990 82%
13. 1038204 81%
1043874 81%
1044762 81%
RESEARCH & THESIS WRITING (LEC/LAB)
FOURTH YEAR LEVEL
PRE-MID GRADE
1. 1043909 95% 18. 1043608 75%
2. 1041115 94% 1044041 75%
3. 1044848 93% 19. 1044506 74%
4. 1040781 92% 20. 1037363 73%
1038499 92% 1043654 73%
5. 1043014 91% 21. 1043771 72%
6. 1040306 90% 1044306 72%
7. 1043644 89% 1043815 72%
8. 1044796 88% 1044762 72%
1043697 88% 1045712 72%
9. 1043811 87% 22. 1038990 71%
1045355 87% 23. 1033260 70%
10. 1043855 86% 408504 70%
11. 1043719 85% 1043083 70%
1010279 85% 24. 410920 68%
1040963 85% 25. 412877 65%
1043678 85% 26. 1038374
2002454 85%
1040591 85%
12. 1043936 84%
13. 1042741 81%
1038204 81%
1043809 81%
14. 1043559 80%
1044361 80%
1044899 80%
1045240 80%
1043635 80%
15. 1044598 78%
16. 1043905 77%
1041147 77%
1045889 77%
17. 1015334 76%
1045025 76%
1042682 76%
1043874 76%
THIRD YEAR LEVEL
PRE-MID GRADE
1. 2003024 95% 11.2002209 85%
2. 2002250 94% 2002252 85%
2003007 94% 1044502 85%
1035495 94% 2033034 85%
2002162 94% 2001929 85%
3. 2001968 93% 2001849 85%
2002371 93% 12.2002184 83%
2002263 93% 1037354 83%
4. 2002343 92% 2002284 83%
2002064 92% 1031952 83%
5. 2001997 91% 2008201881 83%
2002047 91% 13.2002273 82%
2008200305 91% 2001931 82%
6. 232921 90% 14.2001845 81%
1041148 90% 15.2008203512 80%
2002103 90% 16. 2002256 79%
7. 504120 89% 2001871 79%
1044767 89% 17. 1042054 77%
2003023 89% 18. 1043692 76%
2003026 89% 2001847 76%
89% 2002118 76%
1047970 89% 2008203740 76%
1043854 89% 1043702 76%
2008205377 89% 19. 2008202462 75%
8.. 2002256 88% 20. 2002521 74%
2002211 88% 21. 2002298 72%
9. 2001976 87% 22. 2003145 67% 2001900 87% 23. 1039029 51%
1038337 87% 24. 1041866 50%
1046012 87%
10. 2002201 86%
2001886 86%
2001943 86%
1045908 86%
2002616 86%
1044867 86%
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1 (LABORATORY)
THIRD YEAR LEVEL
PRE-MID GRADE
1. 2003024 96% 19. 1047970 77%
2001886 96% 2001900 77%
2001943 96% 20. 2002118 76%
2. 2202250 95% 232921 76%
2003007 95% 1038337 76%
3. 2001968 94% 2001849 76%
4. 2002047 93% 21. 2001976 75%
5. 2002201 91% 2002371 75%
2002209 91% 1004704 75%
1035495 91% 22. 1043692 74%
6. 2002024 90% 2003145 74%
7. 2001997 89% 2003034 74%
2001845 89% 1043702 74%
2002184 89% 23. 2001847 73%
89% 2001931 73%
8. 2002064 88% 2002298 73%
9. 2002263 87% 2008201881 73%
10. 2002103 86% 1046012 73%
11. 2002616 85% 24. 1044767 72%
12. 504120 84% 1044502 72%
1041148 84% 1045908 72%
13. 202211 83% 1043854 72%
14. 2002252 82% 25. 2008203512 71%
15. 2001929 81% 2008202462 71%
16. 2003023 80% 1031952 71%
2008205377 80% 1044867 71%
17. 2002256 79% 26. 2002284 70%
2002162 79% 27. 2002521 69%
18. 2002343 78%
2002273 78%
1037354 78%
2003026 78%
2008200305 78%
2001871 78%
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 3B (LEC/LAB)
FOURTH YEAR LEVEL
PRE-MID GRADE
1. 2002454 93% 14. 1043559 80%
2. 1043644 92% 1015334 80%
3. 1044848 91% 1044796 80%
4. 1043811 90% 412877 80%
1043855 90% 15. 1004704 79%
5. 1044598 89% 408504 79%
1040591 89% 16. 1043654 78%
6. 1043014 88% 1044041 78%
1040306 88% 1037363 78%
1041115 88% 1043909 78%
1044899 88% 1044506 78%
7. 1010279 87% 17. 1043771 77%
1038499 87% 18. 1043815 76%
1043905 87% 19. 1043608 75%
8. 1043678 86% 1042682 75%
1045240 86% 20. 1033260 70%
1045025 86% 1042741 70%
1043809 86% 21. 1038374 68%
9. 1045355 85% 22. 1044843 54%
1040781 85%
1043697 85%
1043635 85%
1045712 85%
10. 1040963 84%
1043995 84%
11. 1043936 83%
1044361 83%
410920 83%
1043657 83%
12. 1043719 82%
1041147 82%
1044306 82%
1038990 82%
13. 1038204 81%
1043874 81%
1044762 81%
RESEARCH & THESIS WRITING (LEC/LAB)
FOURTH YEAR LEVEL
PRE-MID GRADE
1. 1043909 95% 18. 1043608 75%
2. 1041115 94% 1044041 75%
3. 1044848 93% 19. 1044506 74%
4. 1040781 92% 20. 1037363 73%
1038499 92% 1043654 73%
5. 1043014 91% 21. 1043771 72%
6. 1040306 90% 1044306 72%
7. 1043644 89% 1043815 72%
8. 1044796 88% 1044762 72%
1043697 88% 1045712 72%
9. 1043811 87% 22. 1038990 71%
1045355 87% 23. 1033260 70%
10. 1043855 86% 408504 70%
11. 1043719 85% 1043083 70%
1010279 85% 24. 410920 68%
1040963 85% 25. 412877 65%
1043678 85% 26. 1038374
2002454 85%
1040591 85%
12. 1043936 84%
13. 1042741 81%
1038204 81%
1043809 81%
14. 1043559 80%
1044361 80%
1044899 80%
1045240 80%
1043635 80%
15. 1044598 78%
16. 1043905 77%
1041147 77%
1045889 77%
17. 1015334 76%
1045025 76%
1042682 76%
1043874 76%
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